248 Maiv — Distribution of White Clays and Sands, 



of the Pennine Chain, is from a paper read before the British Asso- 

 Fig, 5. Sand and Clay Pocket, Caldon Hill Limestone Quarry, "Weaver Hills.^ 



Scale about 16 feet to 1 inch. 



AiL. Mountain Limestone, b. Vertical mass of White Quartz Pebbles lying in the midst of 

 contorted layers of black and light coloured Clay mixed with Sand. 



ciation at Nottingham, by Mr. Edwin Brown, F.G.S., to whom I am 

 indebted for the section of the locality (Fig. 6). 



" The Weaver Hills have an elevation of 1200 feet above the sea 

 level. Now it so happens that, owing either to a roll in the strata or 

 to a fault, there exists in front of the Weavers, and at a distance of 

 about a mile from their summits, a ridge of Yoredale rocks, stretching 

 north-west and south-east. This ridge maintains an elevation of 

 about 1050 feet above the sea, and between this ridge and the 

 limestone-hills there is a shallow valley. In this valley, in a trough 

 as it were, there have been preserved the remains of what I cannot 

 but think is the most ancient Drift of the district. It consists of 

 white sands and clays in a roughly bedded condition — nearly the 

 whole substance of this drift appears to have been derived from the 

 denudation of the Millstone Grit and other beds that lie to the west- 

 ward ; it is mostly composed of very fine white silicious sand, the 

 grains of which are so far cemented together, that it may in some 

 parts be cut from the pit in blocks, whilst in others the sand is loose 

 and incoherent. Here and there the bed consists of fine white clay, 

 which has much the aspect of pipe clay, or impure Kaolin. There 

 are interposed also, irregular layers of quartzose pebbles, and in 

 some parts angular blocks of Millstone G-rit, Bunter Conglomerate, 

 and Keuper Sandstone are to be found." 



" The area of this bed, owing to subsequent extensive denudation, 

 has a very irregular outline : it extends more or less over a stretch 

 from N.W. to S.E. of two miles, and is found in the folds of the lime- 

 stone valleys at a lateral distance of a mile and a half from the principal 

 bed : its upper surface varies in elevation above the sea level from 

 1000 feet to 1050 feet, its depth has only been tested in the outlying 

 portions. At one pit or quarry at Eibden, a perpendicular face of some 

 30 feet has been worked without reaching the bottom, and the bed is 

 here so white and pure that the pit looks singularly like a freshly 

 opened Chalk quarry. 



1 From an error in this engraving, the sand beds interstratified with the clays are 

 represented as pebbles, 



