H. Woodivard — Man and the Mammoth. 61 



by Messrs. Prestwich, Evans, Falconer, and a number of other un- 

 doubted authorities, whose judgment may well be relied upon, the 

 following conclusions were arrived at : — 1st. That the flint imple- 

 ments are the result of design, and the work of man. 2ndly. That 

 they are found in beds of gravel, sand, and clay, which have never 

 been artifically disturbed. 3rdly. That they occur associated with 

 the remains of land, freshwater, and marine testacea, of species now 

 living, and most of them still common in the same neighbourhood, 

 and also with the remains of various mammalia, a few of the species 

 now living, but more of extinct forms. 4thly. That the period at 

 which their entombment took place was subsequent to the Boulder- 

 clay period, and to that extent Post-glacial; and also that it was 

 among the latest in geological time — one apparently iminediately 

 anterior to the surface assuming its present form, so far as it regards 

 some of the minor features.^ 



It is hardly needful to point out to you the regions included in 

 this first division. The valley of the Waveney at Hoxne, Suffolk, 

 where flint implements were found in the year 1800 by Mr. Frere. 

 Archseologia for 1800, vol. xiii., p. 206.) The Ouse at Bedford, 

 where Mr. Jas. Wyatt has found flint implements and remains of 

 Elephant, Bhinoceros, Hippopotamus, etc. The Thames-valley high 

 level gravel, where, in an excavation in G-ray's Inn-lane, London, a 

 flint weapon associated with the skeleton of an Elephant, was found 

 so long ago as 1715 ; at Fisherton, near Salisbury ; in the Trent, not 

 far from Nottingham ; in the Vale of Pickering, the Somme, the 

 Seine, the Ehine, the'Val' d' Arno, and many other localities. 



2. The ossiferous caverns and rock-shelters have long been known, 

 but not systematically explored until ten years since. Their contents, 

 as might have been expected, are more rich and varied, and they have 

 given us a greater insight into the state of civilization of their ancient 

 occupants than almost any other. The British localities are in Devon 

 and Somerset, near Torquay and Brixham, and in the Mendip Hills ; 

 the promontory of Gower in South Wales, where eight caves have 

 been carefully explored by Colonel Wood and the late Dr. Falconer ; 

 the Coygan Cave, near Laughame, Carmarthenshire, partially ex- 

 plored by Mr. Henry Hicks, of St. David's. (See Geol. Mag., vol. 

 IV., page 307, 1867.) The historical cave of Kirkdale, rendered 

 famous by Dr. Buckland's researches. The Caves of Liege and of 

 the Valley of the Lesse in Belgium ; of the Vezere, the Dordogne, 

 and the Aveyron in France, explored by Schmerling, Dupont, Lartet 

 and Christy, the Vicomte de Lastic, the Comte de Vibray, and 

 many others. Eich as is the fauna revealed by our English Caves, 

 they cannot be compared for one instant as regards the human re- 

 mains and works of art which the French Caves have made known 

 to us, I say, advisedly, loorks of art, for we have now ample materials 

 in this country even to show the wonderful ingenuity and skill dis- 

 played by the ancient Aquitanians in the fabrication of needles, 

 weapons of the chase, both in wood and stone, swords made of rein- 

 deer horn, ornaments in the same material ; and, lastly, in depicting 

 the animals they knew living around them.'^ 



^ Falconer, PalseontoloKical Memoirs, 1868. Vol. II. p. 598. 



2 Those interested in these researches, who have not yet personally inspected the 



