H. Woodward — Blan and the Mammoth. 65 



corded by my father, the late Mr. Samuel Woodward, as ascertained 

 to have been dredged during a period of thirteen years upon the 

 oyster-bed off Hasboro', on the Norfolk coast ; "by far the largest 

 number of these," says Dr. Falconer, " belong to Eleplias antiquus." 



ElepJias primigenhis (the "Mammoth," properly so called,) pos- 

 sesses unusual interest in connection with early man. Not only 

 because it is one of those forms which, there is reason to believe, 

 extended back into Pre-glacial times ; but also because it is ap- 

 parently brought so near our own day by the discoveries of entire 

 bodies of this remarkable beast embedded in the frozen soil and ice 

 of the great rivers of Siberia and in Behring's Straits ; no fewer 

 than nine of which are on record. Its range in geographical area 

 was equally great. It has been found in Ireland, Britain, through 

 Europe, from the extreme north to the hills of Eome, and from 

 France to the Ural Mountains, thence across Siberia into N. America, 

 and southward to the Ohio, where its remains occur with those of 

 the Mastodon in Big-bone-lick, Kentucky. 



In October, 1864, I had the pleasure to visit Ilford, in Essex, 

 and there see and examine the only existing cranium of ElepJias 

 primigenius with the tusk attached which has ever been obtained and 

 preserved in this country. It is entirely owing to the skiU and 

 great practical judgment of Mr. W. Davies, of the Geological 

 Department of the British Museum, that this fine fossil was ever 

 raised from its matrix to adorn our National Museum.^ No doubt 

 hundreds of these remains have turned up in the valley of the 

 Thames alone, but never before was the requisite skill brought 

 to bear upon so unwieldy and friable a relic. The right tusk, which 

 was found detached from the skull, measured ten feet ten inches, in- 

 cluding the portion which in the left side is enclosed within the 

 alveolus. From the top of the cranium to the end of the socket of 

 the tusk is four feet. The circumference of the tusk, one foot from 

 the socket, is twenty-six inches. 



The three species of Bhinoceros are all extinct. Of the three — 



(1) B. megarhinus, or the great slender-limbed Khinoceros, with largely- 

 developed nasals, appears to be characteristic of the Norfolk Forest- 

 bed and Grays Thurrock. It also occurs in France, associated with 

 the Mastodon hrevirostris, and in Italy with the Mastodon arvernensis. 



(2) if!. ticJiorJiinus and (3) B. leptorliinus are the two species 

 common to the ossiferous deposits of our caverns, and they also are 

 found together in the Brick-earth of Ilford. A unique skull (the 

 only one known) of Bhinoceros leptorliinus, was obtained from the 

 same brick-field at Ilford which yielded the Mammoth skull. We 

 are indebted also to Mr. Davies for the preservation of this most 

 valuable relic. All these Ehinoceri were hicorn, and resembled the 

 Sumatran species. Like the Mammoth, the Ehinoceri had an enor- 

 mously extended range in Pre-historic times. One of the earliest 

 remains found in Eussian Siberia, imbedded in ice, was an almost 

 entire example of the great woolly B. ticliorliinus, found in 1772 by 

 Pallas, on the banks of a tributary of the Lena, lat. 64 degrees. 



1 See Geological Magazine, 1868, Vol. V., p. 540, PI. XXIL and XXIII. 



VOL. VI.— NO. LIT. 5 



