66 H. Woodivard — Man and the Mammoth. 



This carcass emitted an odour like putrid flesTi ; part of the skin was 

 still covered with short, crisp wool, with black and grey hairs. 

 The head and foot are preserved at St. Petersburg, in the Eoyal 

 Museum. 



Hippopotamus major. — As might be expected, the remains of the 

 Hippopotamus are more frequently found in river-deposits than 

 in caves. Yet this remark does not hold good in all cases. Remains 

 have been found in one of the Gower Caves (Eaven's Cliff), Durd- 

 ham Down Caves, in Kent's Hole near Torquay, Kirkdale, and other 

 localities, but in the Grrottoes of San Ciro and Maccagnone, in 

 Sicily, the Hippopotamus remains formed by far the greater bulk. 

 Many ship -loads of these interesting relics were quarried and sent 

 to Marseilles and England to be used in sugar-refining ! Professor 

 Ferrara, who examined the remains, stated that the great mass 

 belonged to two species of Hippopotamus. Those collected by Dr. 

 Falconer are preserved in the British Museum, and identified with 

 IT. major and H. Pentlandi. It is abundantly distributed through 

 our Eiver- valley, gravel and Brick-earth deposits, and occurs from 

 Yorkshire southwards through England, France, Belgium, Spain, 

 Italy, etc. 



From observations of the habits of the living animal (H. ampJiibius) 

 in South Africa, we learn that, where undisturbed, it frequents with 

 equal pleasure the coast as it does the rivers, and that north of Port 

 Natal they not only swarm in the rivers but upon the sea-shore, re- 

 treating to the sea when disturbed or attacked. Such evidence as 

 this enables us to understand the presence, in Pre-historic times, of 

 the Hippopotamus in Britain during the summer, even after this 

 country had been isolated from the Continent, although this seems 

 not to have been the case, until nearly the close of the Quaternary 

 period. 



A species of Marmot (the SphermopJiilus erytlirogenoides of 

 Falconer), and another Eodent {Lagomys spelceus), a species of tail- 

 less hare, completes the list of extinct species contemporaneous with 

 man. For, incredible as it may seem, it appears that after a 

 careful investigation of the remains of Felis spelcea, the Cave-lion, 

 Messrs. Boyd Dawkins and Sanford have concluded that it cannot 

 be differentiated in any loay whatever from the existing lion of 

 Africa. And again that Hyana spelcea is only a variety of H. 

 crocuta, the great spotted Hyeena of S. Africa. 



We now pass therefore to Animals lohose geographical distrihution 

 has been changed. These we can analyze more fully than the 

 extinct forms before enumerated ; and they arrange themselves 

 naturally into two divisions — ^those which have migrated north, and 

 those which have migrated south. 



The first division, as you will have anticipated, is by far the 

 largest of the two, including nine species. The second consists of 

 two only (the Cave-lion and Cave-hysena already referred to). 



Spermopliilus citillus — " the pouched Marmot " is the first. Its 

 remains have been found at Fisherton, the Mendip Caves, and else- 



