H. Woodward — Man and the Mammoth. 67 



where in England, and also in tlie Liege Caverns. It is still met 

 with in northern and central Europe, near the snow-line. 



The Lemming (also found at Fisherton, near Salisbury) is now 

 represented in Lapland, Norway, Greenland, Siberia, and Arctic 

 North America. Its migratory and gregarious habits have been ably 

 described by Eichardson and others. 



The Ovihos moschatus — "Musk-ox," or "musk sheep," possesses 

 peculiar interest, as one of those generalized species stiU left us, 

 which we were long at a loss where to place with certainty, 

 whether with the Oxen or the Sheep. H. Lartet has shown, 

 however, reason for placing it with the Ovida and Capridcs. 

 The gravel of the Avon, the river-gravel near Maidenhead, 

 and Green Street Green, in Kent, and the Crayford brick-pits, 

 in the valley of the Thames, have all yielded examples of this 

 animal. It has also been detected by M. Lartet in France. In 

 Siberia its remains occur in the frozen mud of the great rivers, 

 which yield the bodies of the Mammoth, along the whole line of the 

 shores of the Polar Sea. Its living habitat is now the barren, 

 treeless wastes of the high northern latitudes of North America, 

 and our Arctic voyagers have traced it and lived upon it so lately 

 as 1856. Captain (now Sir Leopold) M'Clintock gives the follow- 

 ing statistics of the Musk-ox in a paper read before the Eoyal 

 Dublin Society, 25th January, 1857 : — Musk-oxen on Melville 

 Island, April 4 and May 13, saw 59 (shot two) ; third visit, July 1 

 to 19, saw 30 (shot two) ; Prince Patrick's Island, May 14 and June 

 26, saw 5 (shot three) — total seen, 94 ; number shot, seven. They 

 were so unused to man's presence that, when one of a herd was shot, 

 it was often difficult to induce the rest of the party to move off, so 

 as to allow M'Clintock and his men to take possession of their 

 fallen comrade. We cannot help contrasting this brave and noble 

 sailor's conduct with that of the Laird of Lament, M'Clintock 

 observes, " We never killed more than we absolutely needed." Mr, 

 Lament, on the contrary, gives a list of walruses and other victims 

 " shot for pastime," and left to render still more desolate with their 

 decaying carcases these northern seas. 



4. The " Saiga Antelope " deserves a word. It has lately been 

 determined as occurring in the caves of France, with the reindeer, etc. 

 An antelope is recorded as being found fossil, together with several 

 species of deer, beaver, wild boar, etc., in shell-marl beneath peat, 

 near Newbury, in Berkshire, by Dr. J. Collet, F.E.S., in 1757. — 

 (Phil. Trans.) May not this also have been the Saiga antelope? 

 It is now found to inhabit the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains, 

 and the shores of the Sea of Azof. On a small island a number 

 were found living, so tame as to be undismayed at a discharge of 

 fire-arms. It is to be seen alive in the Zoological Gardens. It is 

 the only tapir-snouted antelope known. 



5. The brown bear, Ursus arctos, occurs both in Britain and 

 Ireland. Undoubted remains from Longford, in Ireland, and Manea 

 Fen, Cambridgeshire, are preserved in the British Museum. It 

 stiU lives in Eussia. So lately as a.d. 1057 bears were natives of 



