H. 'Woodward — Man and the Mammath. 69 



Island, in May and June, lie saw eight, and shot five. On Emerald 

 Island, in June, 13 head ; being a total of 124 head seen in these 

 three far northern islands, between 76° and 77° North lat. 



When migrating in Siberia, says the Eussian Admiral von Wrangel, 

 the migrating body may consist of many thousand head of deer, and 

 though they are divided into herds of some 200 or 300 each, yet 

 they always keep so near as to form only one immense mass, some- 

 times 60 miles in length. In crossing the rivers they all follow the 

 same route. They select a place where a dry valley leads down to 

 the stream on one side and a flat sandy shore facilitates landing on 

 the other. As each separate herd approaches the river, the deer 

 draw more closely together, and the largest and strongest buck 

 takes the lead. He advances, closely followed by a few of the 

 others, with head erect, and apparently intent on examining the 

 locality ; having satisfied himself that all is right, he enters the 

 river, the rest of the herd crowd in after him, and in a few minutes 

 the surface is covered with them. It is doubtless due to casualties 

 in these migrations that we owe some, if not all, of our reindeer 

 bones in river- valley deposits. Detached antlers may easily be ex- 

 plained where they occur in quantities (as in the peninsula of 

 Gower, in South Wales) by the annual shedding of the horns ; but 

 most of those from the Caves have a part of the skull attached to the 

 burr of the horn. This is so in more than 50 from the Cave of 

 Bruniquel, which have passed through my hands. 



In many of the Caverns of Central and Southern France we have 

 abundant evidence that the wild Horse was largely eaten by the 

 Cave-dwellers, and that its bones formed an important article for the 

 fabrication of many of their weapons of the chase, and also for their 

 needles. Kemains of Horse are abundant in the Bruniquel Cave. 



Of the animals now living, but become extinct in some regions, 

 the Beaver — Castor Europceus (or Castor fiber f of Canada) from being 

 killed by man is, probably, quite extinct in Europe. Only one 

 refuge seems left to it by any chance, and that is the mouths of the 

 Danube in the Euxine Sea, where its fossil congener is found. It 

 was formerly abundant in our Welsh rivers, even at a late date, com- 

 paratively speaking. It was scarce in the 9th century, in the 12th 

 it was only found in one river in Wales, and another in Scotland. 

 There can be no doubt the Beaver was killed off" the face of the land 

 for the sake of his fur coat. His remains are abundant in the Cam- 

 bridgeshire fens, and he did his best to divert the rivers and de- 

 stroy the land for his own pleasure, but like other selfish pleasure- 

 seekers, his would-be pools became peat, and in it are embedded the 

 bones of the curious, ingenious, but destructive rodent, who aided 

 the mischief. 



In a single night, not long since, the Beaver at the Zoological 

 Gardens diverted all the water of his pond, by the introduction of 

 mud into his tank, and sent several dozen gallons of very dirty 

 water over the gravel walk. He wanted to make a dam — failing 

 which he made a mess I 



The Lithuanian Bison — preserved by Imperial ukase of his Majesty 



