James Geikie — 2'he Boulder-clay near Glasgow. 73 



the coast and contain a large proportion of granite and other trans- 

 ported boulders. Here the subjacent blue clay is not visible, but it 

 probably occurs below the sea-level. 



My attention has been drawn by Professor Harkness to the occur- 

 rence of extensive shell-beds (a*) at this point above high- water 

 mark. In some places, for example, behind the cottage near the 

 beach at Eampside, it is difficult to determine that they are distinct 

 from the Boulder-clay deposit, but a little to the east it is apparent that 

 they are superimposed on its eroded surface. The Boulder-clay (a) 

 rising up in isolated masses, and the evenly stratified sand and shell 

 beds (a*) lying between them. The shells Ostrea, Mytilus, Car- 

 dium, Pecten, Littorina, etc., are identical with those on the adjacent 

 shore, and occur in profusion, unlike the shell-remains of any Glacial 

 deposits. These beds may probably be of similar age, and represent 

 the same elevation as the raised beaches occurring along the north 

 and south Devon coasts, though from the absence of cohesion of the 

 materials they have a different mineral aspect. 



The series at Workington and Eampside appear to imply several 

 distinct oscillations of level, possibly one at the interval between the 

 deposit of the lower tough blue Boulder-clay and the Eeddish Clay, 

 for an eroded surface seems to separate them. 2nd. Emergence after 

 the deposit of the Eed Clay, with an irregular erosion of its surface. 

 3rd. Ee-submergence during the deposit of the Post-Glacial shell 

 beds, and lastly a rise of the coast of at least ten or fifteen feet to place 

 the shell beds above high- water-mark. 



V. — ^Additional Note on the Discovert op Bos Primigenius 

 IN THE Lower Boulder-clay, at Crofthead, near Glasgow. 



By James Geikib, Geological Survey of Scotland. 



IN my former note on the discovery of Bos primigenius in the 

 Lower Boulder-clay, I stated that there was some " slight twist- 

 ing and confusion " of the stratified deposits below the superin- 

 cumbent Boulder-clay, which might have been caused by the pressure 

 of glacier-ice. As the crumpling of sand, clay, and gravel, below 

 Till, is by no means uncommon, and has frequently been described, 

 I did not think it worth while at the time to give any drawing of the 

 contortions exposed in the new railway cutting. But some geological 

 friends having asked me about the character of these crumplings, 

 it may not be out of place if I now add a few particulars. When my 

 former note was written the disturbed portions of the stratified 

 deposits were not very well exposed, and consequently I did not 

 in my communication lay much stress upon their occurrence, although 

 I had little doubt as to their origin. Upon visiting the section some 

 weeks later, however, I found the crumplings well displayed. In 

 October last I saw them again, in company with my brother, Mr. 

 A. Geikie. By that time the section had been still better developed, 



