546 Trof. Harkness — On the Middle Pleistocene Deposits. 



parts of Ireland; and where they occur they are also marked by 

 flint-pebbles and contain shelly fragments. A locality where they 

 are well seen is at the south-eastern extremity of the Co. of Cork, 

 near Youghal. Here they form on the coast a headland, called Clay 

 Castle, having a height of ninety-one feet, consisting of sands and 

 gravels and sandy clays, which make up the whole face of the cliff, 

 the strata on which they repose not being visible. 



These deposits and their shelly contents have been described by 

 Mr. A. B. Wynne.i 



I have not noticed these sands and gravels with flints west of 

 Youghal ; but I learn from Mr. G. H. Kinahan, of the Irish 

 Geological Survey, that they are to be seen as far westward as 

 Crookhaven, the extreme southwest portion of Ireland. 



Strata of the same character as those of Ireland, which possess 

 flint-pebbles and afibrd marine remains, have also been met with in 

 several parts of Britain. Across the Irish Sea, and almost imme- 

 diately opposite the sands and gravels of the high ground forming 

 the sides of Dublin Bay, are the shell-bearing strata which lie on 

 the eastern side of Moel Tryfaen. These strata of Moel Tryfaen 

 have no Boulder-clay below them like those of Howth, for they 

 repose directly on the Cambrian slates. In nature and arrangement 

 these Welsh strata are almost identical with the "Manure gravels" 

 of the Co. of Wexford, and they, too, contain the characteristic 

 flint pebbles. 



As regards the shelly contents of the Moel Tryfaen beds, these 

 greatly resemble such as are afforded by the Irish sands and gravels, 

 but on the whole they have somewhat more of an Arctic character. 



There are also in the valley of the Severn, between Bridgenorth 

 and Shrewsbury, deposits which seem to accord with the shell- 

 bearing beds of Ireland. These have been described by Mr. Maw.^ 

 They consist of sands, gravels, and clays, which sometimes assume a 

 rounded contour, as at Strethill ; and in this respect they agree with 

 the outline of many of the deposits of " Manure gravel " in the Co. 

 of Wexford. 



These strata of the valley of the Severn also contain flint-pebbles 

 and afford marine remains. I am indebted to Mr. Maw for a col- 

 lection of these remains ; and they, together with others men- 

 tioned in Mr. Gwyn Jeffrey's list appended to Mr. Maw's paper, 

 have a great analogy to the shelly contents of the Irish sands and 

 gravels. 



Many localities in Cheshire and also in Lancashire, have yielded 

 a series of shells very nearly identical with the collections obtained 

 from the several localities above named. The shelly deposits in 

 these countries have been reached, in many cases by passing through 

 a deposit of Boulder-clay, with well striated blocks identical with 

 that which overlies the " Manure gravels " at Castle Ellis ; and 

 these shelly deposits, which effervesce freely in acids, are used for the 

 same objects as their equivalents in the County Wexford, namely for 



1 Quart. Journal of the Geol. Soc, Vol. xxiv. p. 6. 



2 Quart. Journal of the Geol. Soc, vol. xx. p. 130. 



