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56 Dr. A. Nehring—Fauna of the Loess in Central Europe. 
9. Equus caballus ferus at Westeregeln, Thiede, Quedlinburg, 
Gera, and in innumerable other places of Central Europe. 
10. Equus hemionus at Westeregeln, Quedlinburg, Gera, Langen- 
brunn on the Danube, and probably in other places, where fossil 
remains of Asses are mentioned to have been found. 
11. Antilope saiga in Belgium, in France, and probably at Wes- 
teregeln, Quedlinburg, and in some other places of Germany. 
I think this enumeration of animals and places will be sufficient 
to convince Mr. Howorth, that there has positively existed at a 
certain time a Steppe-fauna in Central Europe in spite of Mr. 
Howorth’s contradictory assertions. 
I notice that the other animals, whose remains were found in the 
same horizon, together with the above enumerated Steppe-animals, 
belong mostly to such species, as, although not being exclusive 
natives of forestless and Steppe-like regions, however prefer these 
regions or visit them at certain seasons, as Lepus timidus, Canis lupus, 
Fetorius putorius, Elephants, Rhinocerosses, etc. 
At Westeregeln, at Thiede, in the Franconian Jura, and in other 
places, where I made excavations myself, I did not find the slightest 
trace of a characteristic forest-animal side by side with the Steppe- 
animals; I never observed there, for instance, a fossil bone of 
Sciurus, Pteromys, Myoaxus, Muscardinus, Mustela martes, Cervus 
elaphus, Cervus alces, Cerv. capreolus, Bison europeus, etc. 
Mr. Howorth regards only the Mammoth and Rhinoceros tichorhinus 
as characteristic quadrupeds of the Loess; these species I do not at 
all consider to be characteristic representatives of the Loess-fauna. 
The Mammoth is, as Prof. Boyd Dawkins has already pointed out, 
Pre-Glacial, Glacial and Post-Glacial; his remains occur not only 
in the Loess, but in the most varied deposits of Enrope, as in the 
Forest Bed, in Glacial gravel layers, in clay and loam, in Tuff 
deposits. This is similarly the case with Rhinoceros tichorhinus. 
How can Mr. Howorth designate those animals as the characteristic 
quadrupeds of the Loess ? } 
At Westeregeln and Thiede, where the deposits are of the purest 
and distinctest nature, and where I made very careful excavations 
during six to eight years, I never found the remains of the Mammoth 
in close association with those of decided Steppe-animals. I know, 
however, very well that Mammoth and Rhinoceros remains are often 
found in the Loess, and I have already attempted in several publica- 
tions to explain, by pointing to the migrations of the present African 
Elephants and Rhinocerosses, how the remains of their Pleistocene 
relatives could be buried together with the remains of Steppe-animals.' 
Concerning the molluscs, Mr. Howorth maintains (p. 846), that 
“those conchologists who are best able to decide such a question 
agree that the Helices and other shells of the Loess lived in the 
recesses of damp woods, and their abundance proves the conditions 
to have been singularly favourable to them, namely, those of a humid 
atmosphere and of a deep shade.” 
1 Sitzungsber. d. Berl. Ges. f. Urgesch. v. 11. Marz, 1882. Archiv f. Anthrop. 
1878, 8S. 14 ff. 
