164 W. D. Carr—On the Lincoln Litas. 
waters of the Rhein as they were ponded back by the Felssturz of 
Flims. 
In addition to what has been said, mention might be made of 
instances (which are pretty numerous) in which the Bergsturz can 
hardly be referred definitely to either of the four types above 
described, but combines rather the characters of more than one of 
them. 
Near the Fern Pass in Tirol I observed last summer a whole 
series of such heaps of débris. They are overgrown with pine- 
woods, and one of them is surmounted by the ruins of an ancient 
fortress. They occur in the form of conical hills in the middle of 
the charmingly beautiful valley which leads from the Fern Pass 
down to Nassereit. Several of the most lovely little lakes I ever 
saw lie between these hills, giving to the valley, as one looks down 
upon it from above, an aspect of surpassing beauty. One or more 
of these lakes has no visible outlet. It is as clear as possible that 
the hills are not moraines, for, where they have been opened for road- 
materials in places, the uniformly ragged and angular form of the 
blocks contained in them is different from what we see in a moraine 
heap; and the only explanation of them which appears possible is 
that they are the work of pre-historic Bergstiirze which have shot 
over the precipices from the steep mountain-slopes above. 
Opposite the town of Hallstadt another great ‘fall’ from the 
Sarstein is recorded in the tumbled and confused and broken con- 
dition of the rocks which there abut upon the lake. JI think too 
that a further examination of the northern end of the Konigsee 
would show that this lake is maintained at its present level by rock- 
material which has fallen en masse from the mountain, and that in 
this way the existence of the islets at that end of the lake would be 
accounted for. 
Scant justice seems to be done to these important phenomena by 
English geologists, if we may judge from the brief references to 
them to be found in our latest text-books, such as those of Professors 
Geikie and Green; and this brief sketch will have answered its pur- 
pose if it serves to direct attention to the writings of continental 
geologists, in which the subject is discussed more fully. 
V.—Tue Lincoxnn Ltas. 
By W. D. Carr, Esq. 
HE Lias in the vicinity of Lincoln is well exposed in the 
several brick-pits that lie at the foot of the “cliff” or 
in the steep slope beneath the escarpment of the Northampton 
Sand and Lincolnshire Oolite which go to form the cliff; the ex- 
posures however show us nothing below the Ammonites capricornus 
zone of the Lower Lias, the limestones and lower beds of this 
division lying several miles away to the west. ‘The whole of the 
series, Upper, Middle, and Lower, is almost purely argillaceous, the 
usual sandy beds of the Middle and Lower Lias being entirely 
