Sections at Cave, Yorkshire. 217 
with soil and are grass-grown, but the hard upper bed still stands 
out well, and following the slope of the hill dips down to the east 
end of the cutting at an angle of about 5° or 6°. 
Commencing at the westernmost end, there is a thickness of about 
25 ft. of pale yellow sands, slightly cohesive, coming under the hard 
bed just mentioned. They have some well-marked characteristics 
which continue fairly constant over the whole of the district. ‘The 
level ground just crossed obscures the more clayey beds below these 
sands, but they are exposed in a quarry at Newbald further north. 
The sands in the cutting commence as an almost perfectly pure 
white sand-rock, only slightly cohesive, but sharply jointed along 
the bedding and at right angles to it. Pale silvery mica. plates 
divide the rock along the bedding planes. The whole, when the 
cutting was new, had a most beautiful appearance, being only in- 
terrupted here and there by thin irony bands with sometimes car- 
bonized plant-remains. No fossils have been obtained, and the sands 
look barren. 
These sands are only a few feet thick here (5 ?), and merge upwards 
into a less pure slightly yellowish sand-rock of the same general com- 
position, but without the mica plates, and also without the fine jointing. 
They are about 20 ft. thick. In the lower part a double band of 
decomposed plant-remains and broken Belemnites, deeply stained with 
iron, occurs, and in the upper part numerous lines and irregular 
patches of iron staining. But besides this, the upper 10 ft. of these 
sands are characterized by two broken lines of large compact con- 
cretions of an ovoid shape, and in size varying from 1 to 4 ft. along 
their largest diameter. They occur along lines of scanty fossils, 
chiefly Myacites and Belemnites, and are composed mainly of siliceous 
particles bound together by a small per-centage of lime. The lime 
which is present in them seems to have been derived from the 
fossils in the strata above, of which chiefly nothing but casts remain. 
Where the fossils are absent, the concretions do not appear. 
Generally speaking, these 20 feet of pale-yellow sands are barren 
of organic remains, the few that do occur being chiefly casts, massed 
together in the concretions and in the Belemnite beds below. 
Above these beds what may be called the Upper Kelloway rock has 
a markedly different appearance. It is from 8 to 10 feet thick, of 
a dark reddish-yellow colour, and crowded with lines of Gryphea 
bilobata, Sby. The rock still only merits the name of sand-rock, 
though its highly ferruginous character gives it greater stability, so 
that it stands out as a prominent wall of rock in the cutting. Here 
and there little nests of Rhynchonella sociale have become compacted 
together, and helped to harden it sufficient to make it ring under the 
hammer. 
Corresponding with its marked lithological character the number 
of fossils has so increased as to crowd the rock, and this increase 
has not taken place gradually, but becomes apparent immediately the 
lower sands are passed. 
