422 HT. H. Howorth—A Great Post-Glacial Flood. 
quence rigorously deduced from observation. It is no longer an 
hypothesis, but the corollary of a theorem ” (id.). 
If we turn from Sweden and Norway to Denmark, we have great 
stretches of what Forchhammer called the Boulder-sand formation, 
and which answer exactly in their mode of distribution and in other 
respects, including that of containing, near the sea-board, marine 
shells like those still living in the adjacent seas. Forchhammer says 
of these beds that they are always stratified; “but the strata are 
generally highly inclined, much curved, sharply broken off, and in 
a word resemble those strata which the greatly disturbed waves 
now deposit on our coasts” (Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. i. p. 271). 
Denmark also presents us with evidence of the continuity of these 
sands and gravels with the loamy deposits of Central and Western 
Europe, in that they have furnished remains of the Mammoth which 
so clearly characterizes the horizon of the latter beds which do not 
occur in Denmark. M. Valdemar Schmidt exhibited at the Copen- 
hagen Congress of Prehistoric Archeology a Mammoth’s molar 
from the neighbourhood of Odense in Funen, and said that in the 
Museum of Zoology attached to the University were some other 
teeth of the same animal found in different parts of Denmark 
(Comptes rendus, p. 31). 
After mentioning the existence of similar gravels in North Germany, 
Mr. J. Geikie has some remarks, all which, save what I have put in 
brackets, I willingly accept— When we get beyond the southern 
limits reached by the Upper Boulder-clay,” he says, “we enter a 
region which was swept by [the] floods and torrents [coming from the 
mer de glace], the turbulent waters sometimes keeping to the valleys, 
at other times, [when these were choked with snow], overflowing 
upon the intervening plateaux. In this region, therefore, we often 
encounter wide-spread sheets of torrential gravels and sands in 
which may occur bones of the Pleistocene mammals and flint imple- 
ments of Paleolithic workmanship [the relics of the last inter-glacial 
epoch]. Occasionally the whole thickness of the superficial covering 
in these districts is composed entirely of such deposits, but now and 
again we find them overlying river accumulations of a more orderly 
nature, in which both Paleolithic relics and mammalian remains 
may occur in abundance” (Prehistoric Europe, p. 359). 
If we go further west-south-west, we come to the vast stretches 
of gravel and sand in Holland and Belgium. Here we have precisely 
the same lessons. The rolled gravels contain the same zoological 
débris as the loamy deposits further south and in their borders the 
so-called Campinian sands merge and pass gradually into the loams 
and the so-called diluvium with partially rolled and angular stones. 
The fact that the gravels and sands are sometimes found tumui- 
fuously massed, in others rudely and confusedly stratified, and in 
others again with a stratification more regular, is assuredly con- 
sistent only with their having been in the arms of a mighty flood of 
waters which gradually subsided, and thus left various traces of its 
action. In some places the rude results of rapid and energetic action, 
in others the traces of more peaceable subsidence. Whichever way 
