Reviews—Lydekker’s Geology of Kashmir. 467 
RE VTE ws.- 
J.—Memorrs oF THE GEOLOGICAL Survey oF Inp1A. Vol. xxii. 
The Geology of the Kashmir and Chamba Territories and the 
British District of Khagan. By Ricnarp LypEKk«er, B.A. (Can- 
tab.), F.G.S., F.Z.8., late Geological Survey of India. pp. 344, 
4 Plates and 1 Map geologically coloured. (Calcutta, London, 
Tribner & Co., 1883.) 
HE volume before us represents the combined results of the 
work of seven long seasons spent by Mr. Lydekker in the in- 
vestigation of the geology of Kashmir and the neighbouring regions. 
Several other geologists, notably the late Dr. A. M. Verchére, 
Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, F.R.S., Col. C. A. McMahon, and 
the late Dr. Ferdinand Stoliczka, had worked largely at various parts 
of this district. Indeed, but for the death of that most excellent and 
able geologist, Stoliczka, on his return-journey from Yarkand, 19th 
June, 1874 (see Obituary, Grot. Mag. 1874, Decade II. Vol. I. 
p. 382), it is probable that the task now performed by Mr. Lydekker 
with so much care, would have been completed by his predecessor, 
to whose loss he refers with profound regret. 
It must not of course be supposed that this Memoir contains 
a complete and detailed account of the geology of the regions 
described. On the contrary, the author speaks of his own work 
with becoming modesty as a stepping-stone or foundation on which 
future work may be based. Owing to the arduous and inhospitable 
nature of the country, it was found impossible to study the geology 
of many of the more interesting districts with the precision and 
detail that might be wished. “To do this efficiently would occupy,” 
says Mr. Lydekker, “not seven, but seventy summers”! This is 
the more readily understood when we learn that ‘‘The area described 
in the present memoir includes the whole of the dominions of the 
Maharaja of Kashmir and Jamu, the Karakoram range being taken 
as the boundary on the North-eastern frontier; the Chamba State, 
and a small angle of the British district of Lahol (Lahool) ; and on 
the extreme West, the British district of Khagan. The whole of 
this area may be roughly estimated at about 68,000 square miles” ! 
(p. 4) or twice the area of the Kingdom of Portugal, and only one- 
third less than the area of Great Britain. 
The south-westerly portion of the country defined above includes 
a small strip of the plain of the Punjab, beyond which the outer- 
most ridges of the Himalaya commence. 
This tract is taken to include all the area south of the Kashmir 
valley, which is coloured various shades of brown in the map, and is 
coincident with the Sub-Himalayan, or Tertiary, rock-series. It in- 
cludes the districts of Panch (Poonch), Naoshahra (Naoshera), and 
Jamu (Jumoo), in the last of which is situated the town of Jamu, 
the capital of the whole Kashmir territory. Through this tract the 
rivers Jhelam, Chinab, and Ravi, make their way to the plains of 
the Punjab. Although the “ Outer Hills” continue along the whole 
