468 Reviews—Lydekker’s Geology of Kashmir. 
foot of the Himalaya, the river Ravi nearly forms the boundary 
of those coming within the area under consideration (p. 5). 
And here it may be noted that the Map which accompanies this 
Memoir is a geologically-coloured reproduction of the very excellent 
geographical map, appended to Mr. F. Drew’s account of the Jumoo 
and Kashmir Territories, published by HE. Stanford, 1875. 
By far the largest river-system of the whole area is that of the 
Indus, which leaves Kashmir territory in the district of Astor, where 
it receives the Astor river flowing from the Kishanganga watershed, 
and along the course of which the Astor and Gilgit road proceeds 
from Gurez. Above Bowanji (Boonji) the Indus receives the Gilgit 
river, flowing from the town and district of that name, which form 
the extreme north-western limit of Kashmir territory. The dis- 
tricts of Gilgit, Astor, Gurez, and Tilel, are collectively termed 
Dardistan, from a peculiar Aryan race, the Dards, who inhabit them. 
Above Gilgit the Indus makes a sharp bend to the south-east and 
flows through Rondu from Skardu, the capital of Baltistan, or Little 
Tibet. At this point it receives a large tributary flowing from the 
north and taking its origin in the mighty glaciers of the Mustagh or 
Karakoram range north of Baltistan, known as the Shigar river 
(p28): : 
A few observations may be recorded on some of the features of 
the river-valleys. It has been observed by Mr. Drew that many of 
the great rivers after running for a long distance along the normal 
strike of the rocks, suddenly make a sharp bend to the south and 
flow more or less directly across the strike for the rest of their 
course; and in these cases a large tributary forms the upward 
continuation of the new course. This is exemplified in the bend 
of the Indus near the junction of the Gilgit river, and of the 
Chinab at the junction of the Wardwan river above Kishtwar and 
again at the junction of the Ans river above Riasi, in the Outer Hills, 
The bend of the Jhelam at its junction with the Kishanganga, at 
Muzafarabad, presents an analogous feature, but here the strike of 
the rocks changes at the same time as the course of the river, the 
former being probably the cause of the latter (p. 29). - 
By far the deepest of all the river-valleys is that of the Indus 
below Bowanji in Gilgit. Between that place and the Darel dis- 
trict, which has hitherto only been traversed by native explorers, 
Lt.-Col. H. C. B. Tanner, of the Survey of India, states that the 
river flows in a narrow gorge bordered by vast precipices ranging up 
to 20,000 ft. in height, at a level of a little over 5,000 ft.; thus 
making the river gorge nearly 17,000 ft. in depth. That a great 
part of this tremendous gorge has been cut by the river itself is 
proved by the occurrence of river gravels, and honey-combed rock- 
surfaces many hundreds of feet above the present river-level. ‘The 
occurrence of Hocene strata in the upper Indus valley would seem 
to indicate that at all events part of that valley existed in Eocene 
times and that an arm of the sea then occupied part of Ladakh. 
There is, however, no absolute proof that the lower part of the 
valley then existed, as it is inferred that the drainage of the 
