 Reviews—Lydekker’s Geology of Kashmir. 471 
the Jhelam, a palm-frond, referred by Dr. Feistmantel to Sabal 
major (a Lower and Middle Miocene form in Europe) (p. 89). 
Nummulites (referred by Mr. W. T. Blanford, F.R.S., to N. Beau- 
montt and N. granulosa) were obtained near Murree from the Subathu 
(Kocene) group (p. 94). Speaking of the Subathu group between 
Khalsi and Nurla (Snurla) on the right bank of the Indus, Mr. 
Lydekker refers to the occurrence of numerous small disks supposed 
to be altered Nummulites or Alveoline (but obscure), also a species 
of Turbo obtained by the writer. Colonel Godwin-Austen obtained 
from the same shelly limestone what he believed to be Hippurites 
and Hamites. This is, to say the least, a remarkable assemblage, 
Nummulites and Hippurites, and we join the author in enjoining 
caution in their acceptance (p. 103). One solution offered is the 
persistence into Eocene times of certain Cretaceous types; but it 
seems to us more probable, as so often happens in collecting fossils 
in disturbed and very difficult areas, that the Hoses of two or more 
distinct beds have become intermixed. 
The following paragraph seems to suggest a PoRable solution. 
* Along the southern border and to the eastward of the Zanskar 
river, the Tertiaries have been much disturbed and not unfrequently 
inverted, while their degree of alteration is frequently so great that, 
on the Gya river, they were at first mistaken by Dr. Stoliczka for 
Paleozoic rocks” (p. 113). And again, ‘‘It appears probable that the 
junction is really a normal one, the Tertiaries having been bent back 
under the inverted Paleeozoics”’ (p. 95). 
With regard to the age of the Himalayan Tertiaries, the occurrence 
of Nummulites Raymondi in the Ladakh Tertiaries and in the Khirtar 
group of Sind, identifies this higher zone as of Middle Hocene age, 
and as the equivalent in part of the Subaéthu group of the Sub- 
Himalayas. ‘lhe whole series may probably be roughly classed as 
of Eocene age. Possibly the higher beds may extend into the 
Miocene epoch, and partly represent the Murree group of the Sub- 
Himalaya. One point of extreme ‘interest is the bearing of the 
Indus valley Tertiaries on the elevation: of the Himalaya, and the 
enormous height to which the Tertiaries in the neighbourhood of 
Leh have been elevated, reaching in Kanri or Stok peak, nearly 
opposite Leh itself, to the height of 21,000 feet. We are thus led 
to conclude that the great period of crushing was subsequent to 
Kocene times, and this is further proved by the frequent inversion 
of the older rocks on the Tertiaries and the intimate blending of the 
Tertiary and Paleozoic rocks in the Dras valley. So that we must 
conclude that the Upper Indus valley must have been raised from 
the sea-level to its present enormous elevation entirely since the 
Hocene period, doubtless causing tremendous lateral pressure, which 
has inverted all the older rocks of the Outer Hills, causing a vast 
amount of contortion and crushing of the rocks which were raised 
by it (p. 121). 
The next 87 pages (pp. 122—208) are devoted to an account of 
the Zansk4r System, or the Mesozoic and Carboniferous rocks. The 
Paleozoic and Mesozoic rock-systems which overlie the great crystal- 
