A472 Reviews—Lydekker’s Geology of Kashmir. 
line foundation of the north-western Himalaya occupy a series of 
more or less well-defined depressions or basins between the great: 
crystalline areas. The best defined are the Zanskar basin, the Spiti 
basin, between the Zanskar and Ladakh ranges; the next is the 
Kashmir basin ; a third may be called the Chamba basin. 
No fewer than ten divisions have been noticed by the late Dr. 
Stoliczka, viz. Cretaceous,, Upper and Middle Jura; Middle and 
Lower Lias; Rhetic and Trias; Carboniferous; and Upper and 
Lower Silurian. Hach of these divisions has its local name 
generally after a town or district); in this case all 10 names have 
been derived from the Spiti valley, where they all occur. | 
Owing to the general paucity of fossil-remains in the Mesozoic 
rocks in many districts of Kashmir, it has not generally been found 
practicable to recognize these minor groups, and since all the rocks 
from the Carboniferous to the Cretaceous appear as one homogeneous 
geological formation marked by the prevalence of dolomites and 
limestones, though the lower beds are generally more shaly, the 
whole of this enormous rock-system is termed the “ Zanskar system.” 
On pp. 158-159, a list is given of all the fossils determined 
hitherto from the Zanskér rocks of the Kashmir Basin. The 
“ Supra-Kuling” series, comprising 18 species consisting of Cepha- 
lopoda, Gasteropoda, Lamellibranchiata, Brachiopoda, Crinoidea, and 
Anthozoa, has a Triassic facies. (See plates ii. and iv. for figures of 
some of these fossils.) 
The “Kuling series,” from Kashmir Valley, numbering 48 species, 
comprising 81 Brachiopoda, 3 Lamellibranchiata, 1 Cephalopod, 7 
Polyzoa, and 1 Trilobite, agree with the Lower Carboniferous of 
India. 
Another series of fossils, obtained from Kato, in Ladakh, are 
probably of Jurassic age; they comprise 5 Cephalopoda, 4 Gastero- 
poda, 4 Lamellibranchiata, and 2 Brachiopoda. 
In Chapter VIII. Mr. Lydekker discusses the “ Panjal system,” 
or older Paleozoic rocks (Silurian and Cambrian ?), consisting of 
a great series of slaty and volcanic rocks, totally devoid of organic 
remains, save some obscure impressions from one locality which may 
possibly prove to be Graptolites. 
Some interesting coloured sections are given on Plate III. which 
serve to show both the amount of contortion and of denudation 
which these squeezed and crumpled rocks have undergone. 
Although paleontological evidence is wanting, the petrological 
characters and stratigraphical relations of the Panjal rocks leave no 
doubt that they correspond to rocks of undoubted older Paleeozoic 
age in other areas, as the Blaini, infra-Blaini, and some of the 
underlying rocks of the Simla area. The great bulk is homotaxial 
with the Silurian of other parts of the world, although the higher 
beds may probably represent Lower Carboniferous, and the lowest 
may be part of the Cambrian. 
Chapter IX. is devoted to the consideration of the crystalline and 
metamorphic system, or Hypogene intrusive, older Paleozoic and 
Archean rocks. The newer of these rocks are the altered equivalents 
