88 ] Reports and Proceedings — 



liis life to tlie illustration of its geology than Bristol is of William 

 Sanders, whose death we recently recorded. He will have a lasting 

 memorial in his large Map of the Bristol Coal-fields. 



But the Geology of the country has not been entirely worked out 

 by the local geologists, nor is Mr. Sanders' map the most detailed 

 geological map that has been produced. Even the one-inch scale map 

 of the Geological Survey exhibits far more detail.^ 



This map (sheet 35) was revised, in 1865, by Mr. H. W. Bristow 

 (now Director of the Geological Survey), and the Ehaetic or Penarth 

 Beds were surveyed and so named by him, after a careful examina- 

 tion of the beds in company with Mr. Etheridge in all the typical 

 localities in South Wales and the South-western counties of England. 

 No mention is made of this, nor of the numerous Horizontal and 

 Vertical Sections published by the Geological Survey.^ 



Mr. Tate expresses his opinion that the White Lias is lithologi- 

 cally and palseontologically Liassic — an opinion which is certainly 

 not supported by facts. The entire absence of Cephalopoda in the 

 White Lias is most marked, and has been well explained by Profes- 

 sor Eamsay on the grounds that the physical conditions attending the 

 deposition of the Triassic and RliEetic beds in the British area were 

 those of salt lakes ; the fauna of the White Lias being (as Edward 

 Forbes first pointed out), analogous to forms now existing in the 

 Caspian. Subsequent depression led to the influx of the sea, and to 

 the incursion of the Ammonites, Belemnites, and other forms which 

 characterize the Lias. 



Mr. Stoddart has contributed some valuabl-e lists of fossils from the 

 Upper Llandovery and Lower Carboniferous beds. Some objections 

 might be taken to the prominent manner in which the term Devo- 

 nian is used as an equivalent, and in preference to the term Old Eed 

 Sandstone, because the contemporaneity of these formations is a 

 subject of considerable dispute. Perhaps, however, when the British 

 Association again meets at Bristol, and a new edition of the work is 

 called for, this great problem may have been solved. 



ie,:Ei=o:EiTS j^istid I=I^oc:H]EX)Iz^^c3-s. 



Geological Society of London. — December 15, 1875. — John 

 Evans, Esq., F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 



1. "Notes on the Physical Geology of East Anglia during the 

 Glacial Period." By W. H. Penning, Esq., F.G.S. 



The author wished it to be understood that his remarks were in- 

 tended to form a sketch, rather than a detailed account of the subject 

 to which they relate. He intended to explain the origin of the so- 



^ Not only does the Geological Survey Map exhibit the lithological subdivisions 

 of the Trias, and the Penarth Beds, but the Faults and Coal-crops, which are not 

 laid down on Mr. Sanders' Map. In the north of England, too, the geology is for 

 the most part surveyed and published on the larger Ordnance Maps, whose scale is 

 six inches to one mile. 



2 See " On the Rhaitic or Penarth Beds of the Neighbourhood of Bristol and the 

 South-west of England," by H. W. Bristow, F.R.S. Geol. Mag. 1864, Vol. I. p. 

 236. Report Brit. Asoc. (Bath) for 1864, published 1865. 



