Reviews — The Arctic Manual. 175 



The Editor suggests in a foot-note already quoted that these may- 

 belong to the Cambrian series. But of the presence of still later 

 groups we have ample and sufiScient intelligence. 



Banks Land, the northern portions of Eglinton, Melville, and 

 Bathurst Islands, and all Byam-Martin Island are occupied by Car- 

 boniferous Sandstone, Limestone, Ironstone, and Coal. " True Car- 

 boniferous Producti and Spiriferi have been brought home by Belcher 

 and others from Albert Land, north of Wellington Channel ; " 

 Mountain Limestone exists in Spitzbergen, of which we get the 

 following details from Nordenskiold : 



1. Eyss Island, limestone, or rather dolomite, non-fossiliferous ; traversed by beds of 



quartzite and flint. Thickness about 500 feet. 



2. Cape Fansbawe strata, containing Corals. 1000 feet at tbe most in thickness. 



3. Layers of byperite. 



4. Upper part of the Mountain Limestone, consisting of calcareous sandstone, lime- 



stone, gypsum, and flint, abounding in fossils, and 2000 feet in thickness. 

 Between the strata are extensive seams of byperite. 



5. A very extensive and regular bed of byperite, stretching from Mount Edlund to 



the Thousand Islands. 



Mr. Salter has described FusuUna Jiyperhorea (Grinnell Land), 

 StylastrcBa inconferta (Depot Point), Zaph-entis ovihos (Princess 

 Eoyal Island), and many others ; and the Spitzbergen limestone 

 abounds in characteristic fossils ; but in Greenland proper no traces 

 are at present known of true Carboniferous formations. 



Jurassic (Lias) rocks and fossils were found by McClintock at 

 Point Wilkie, on the eastern coast of Prince Patrick's Island, by 

 Belcher at Exmouth Island, and by the German Expedition in East 

 Greenland. To the latter reference has already been made, and the 

 evidence afforded by species of Modiola, Avicida, Nerita, etc., is 

 sufficient to fully identify it. In Spitzbergen, " shales, limstone, and 

 sandstone, abounding in pyrites, and traversed by a small seam of 

 hyperite," represent this formation; and at Mount Ardagh they give 

 a thickness of 1200 feet. There are no other definite traces of this 

 formation, unless the altered rocks, as before suggested, can be 

 referred to it. 



The succession of some younger rocks is less indefi.nite. In Spitz- 

 bergen, the Tertiary (Miocene) is represented by a fresh -water forma- 

 tion in Bell Sound, 1500 feet thick, consisting of conglomerates, 

 shale, limestone, and sandstone, almost devoid of animal fossils, but 

 containing coal-seams and fine impressions of plants. The Cretaceous 

 strata are not described here ; but it is possible that a more detailed 

 examination might lead, as in West Greenland, to a further sub- 

 division of these beds. A Tertiary coal-bearing sandstone has been 

 observed in Franz-Joseph-Land. 



The Expeditions that have produced the most satisfactory results 

 in determining the nature of the fauna and flora of the Arctic Creta- 

 ceous and Miocene strata are those undertaken by Whymper and 

 Brown in 1867, Nordenskiold in 1870, and Steenstrup in 1874; 

 when the Island of Disco and the Peninsula of Noursoak were care- 

 fully examined. 



The general conclusions arrived at were these : 1. That Lower 



