J. Milne — Ice and Ice-work in Newfoundland. 303 



a little more, but the molecules of the stone remain stationary. The 

 consequence is that gradually a vacuum is formed against the face of 

 the stone. Now let us consider the molecules up-hill from the 

 stone. Heat approaches the stone, and so do molecules. The 

 second molecule from the stone melts, and comes down against the 

 one touching the stone, which in turn melts as the other freezes. 

 Now this last molecule cannot freeze, for no molecule of stone will 

 yield to it as it yielded to its fellow, and so it remains for the time 

 being a molecule of water. Gradually a great number of molecules 

 of water get accumulated against the face of the stone. As their 

 heat is conducted away they will exert a great force in freezing, 

 and this, assisted by the vacuum forming against the opposite face, 

 will force the stone a little bit down-hill. 



Another very plausible application of this theory would be to 

 suppose that the sun's heat in this molecular way got down from 

 the surface of the glacier to its bottom, and there disengaged mole- 

 cules of water, which would feed the stream which issues from 

 under the glacier. Such action, however, would tend to keep 

 boulders at the bottom of glaciers, whereas it is well known that 

 somehow or other they get to the top. 



IV. — Ice and Ice- Work in Newfoundland.^ 



By John Milne, F.G.S., 



Professor of Geology in the Imperial Mining School of Tokei, Japan. 



" And now there came both mist and snow, 

 And it grew wondrous cold ; 

 And ice, mast high, came floating by, 

 As green as emerald. 



And through the drift the snowy clifPs 

 Did send a dismal sheen ; 

 Nor shape of men, nor beasts we ken — 

 The ice was all between. 



The ice was here, the ice was there, 



The ice was all around ; 



It cracked and growled and roared and howled, 



Like noises in a swound." — Coleridge's Ancient Mariner. 



WE often see a certain cause at work, and then its effect ; — and 

 the effect may be and is, doubtless, in many instances, peculiar 

 to the cause. In Switzerland glaciers are known to have rounded 

 and converted into '' hummock "-shaped forms the rocks over which 

 they have passed ; whilst the rocks which were imprisoned in the 

 ice, and used as tools to scour the rocky bed over which they moved, 

 have in their turn also received a definite impression. 



Hummocky tracts of land like those in Switzerland are to be seen 

 in Scotland, Newfoundland, and other countries. Mounds of debris, 



^ The rough MS. of this Article was placed in the Editor's hands by his friend 

 Mr. Milne early in 187-5, but, owing to pre-occupation on the part of Editor and 

 Author, was never put in type until this month, June, 1876. The author departed in 

 August last for Japan, and has therefore been prevented from again seeing or re- 

 vising his notes. The Editor trusts that this apology will be accepted by the reader 

 should he find that the author has omitted to notice any papers on ice as a geological 

 agent, which may have been published since that date. — Edit. Geol. Mag. 



