J. Milne — Ice and Ice- Work in Neiofoimdland. 



307 



If a berg is seen to ground some distance out at sea, its bearings 

 from the land are at once observed, and it is in this way that many 

 of the banks have been discovered. 



If, instead of taking such an extreme case as the one to which I 

 have been referring, where the generally peaked appearance of a 

 berg, as seen above water, might be imagined as standing on a wide- 

 spread flat base beneath the water, we consider the portion of the 

 berg beneath the water as being a general continuation of that above, 

 even in this case it will be seen to be very improbable that the ice 

 extends to the great depth which is usually assigned to it. 



For example, in the accompanying figure let A B be the surface 

 of water in which we see a piece of ice floating as indicated by the 

 black line, the general direction of that beneath the water corre- 

 sponding to that which is above. Approximating to such a figure, 

 draw on the "give-and-take" system a many-sided pyramid, or in 

 the limiting case a cone approximately equal in volume to that of 

 the supposed berg. This is shown by the dotted line. We have 

 given that the position of the cone beneath the surface of the water 

 to that which is exposed are to each other in the ratio of 8 to 1. 

 Therefore the volume of the whole cone, which we will call V, is to 

 that which is exposed, which we will call v, as & is to 1, i.e. V _ 9 



But also, as similar solids are to each other in volume as the cubes 

 of their corresponding dimensions, 



V _ 9 _ Qi_±W_ 



where h equals the height of the small cone of ice above water, and 

 H equals the depth of ice below the surface, 



whence 7i-{- R = \^ d = 2 080 



h 



,\ H r= /i = 1-080 



which is equivalent to saying that in a floating cone of ice the depth 



below the surface of the water is but very little greater than that 



V 8 



which is exposed above. If the ratio of — had been equal to -, then 



H would equal h, or the depth helow equal that which is exposed above. 

 That the cone would tend to float with the apex upwards rather than 



