J. Milne — lee and lee-work in Newfoundland. 347 



places as this the rivers of Newfoundland have their source. 

 Lookin_2;' down the valley towards one of the bays, your eye wanders 

 over a flat-topped expanse of spruce and other underwood, through 

 which a few scattered pine-trees sometimes lift their heads. To the 

 right and left of this dark mass of stunted underwood there is a 

 line of scai-p-faced hills, which look as though they might once have 

 been feeders of moraine to a glacier which, as it slowly pressed 

 itself downwards, ground against their sides. Above the cliffs along 

 the sky-line of the hills, a few large boulders are distinctly visible. 

 On climbing to the top of these hills, you would see beneath your 

 feet a chain of lakes and ponds dotted in amongst the trees. Each 

 of these would have its fringing of green marsh, across which a 

 dark line showing the trampled path of the wandering ' (kriboo ' 

 would be well marked. Connecting these lakes in their upper 

 portions are a series of rapids and small waterfalls ; whilst lower 

 down, as we approach the tideway, there are often long ' reaches ' of 

 steady water. Further north, similar signs are visible, — in Bona- 

 vista Bay, in Green Bay, and in many others. 



In Green Bay, or, as it is sometimes called, " the Bay of Notre 

 Dame," on the highlands above Belt's Cove, the country, for many 

 miles in extent, is tliickl}^ strewn with boulders. 



The climb up to this boulder-land (which on the side next the sea 

 forms steep cliffs) is a precipitous one ; on reaching the top you are on 

 a brown-looking country in the main undulating as if ice-worn. In 

 the depressions there are either small ponds or marshes, which are 

 bounded by bare hummocks. Sometimes a small cliff-like scarp 

 looks down upon you from still higher ground. The boulders are 

 strewn everywhere, but more particularly upon the highest ground, 

 and often upon extreme points. Several boulders were so perched on 

 two points that they formed an archway beneath, which could be 

 seen at a distance of several miles. In another case one boulder was 

 seen resting upon another. In form they were sub-angular. Frag- 

 ments were taken from these, and also from boulders in several other 

 districts, and, so far as my examination went, I found that, if not 

 represented by the rock of the surrounding country, they had 

 representatives further west, and this generally in the Laurentian 

 granites. Mr. Alexander Murray, F.G.S., of the Geological Survey, 

 has made the same observation. Now if these boulders had been 

 deposited b}^ Icebergs, this portion of Newfoundland must at the very 

 least have been 1000 feet lower than it stands at present. During 

 the time of its elevation, and especially at the time of its emergence, 

 these boulders must have been subjected to a considerable amount of 

 rough usage, and have received many rolls. If they were protected 

 by a covering of drift, which, to se-eure them from the action of the 

 sea, must have been many hundreds of feet in thickness, then the 

 surface-configuration of the country might be difficult to be accounted 

 for. Eough treatment, such as boulders receive upon a beach, would 

 hardly have relinquished them in their present subangular condition, 

 nor would it have left them upon the highest ridges, or poised them 

 them upon a peak, or perclred them one upon another. On the other 



