H, S. Hoivorth — The Mammoth in Europe. 203 



Mammoth (see Gervais, Zoologie et Paleontologie Frangaise, pp. 

 33-34). 



A skeleton of a Mammoth was found on the right bank of the 

 Lower Ehone near Lavoulte in the department of Ardeche. It was 

 almost entire, and was described by Soulaii-e (Hist. Nat. de la France, 

 vol. ii. p. 198). Another almost entire skeleton, with the remains of 

 other animals, is described in the Bull, of the Geol. Soc. of France, 

 (2nd ser. vol. xxii. p. 414), as having been found at Trosly Loire, 

 west of Coucy le Chateau, in a cavity in the chalk. 



Cuvier [op. cit. vol. ii. p. 155) mentions the finding in August, 

 1824, of portions of the skeleton of an elephant on a hill separating 

 the Ehone and Saone. 



Lastly, we may quote in his own words an interesting passage 

 from a communication made by M. Baillon, correspondent of the 

 Natural History Museum ; speaking of his discoveries at Menche- 

 court, he says of some of the bones : " lis y sont entiers, sans brisure 

 ni frottement, et il est probable qiCils etaient encore articules quand 

 Us ont ete reconverts. J'y ai trouve un membre posterieur de Ehino- 

 ceros dont les os etaient encore dans leur situation relative ordinaire, 

 lis ont du etre joints par des ligaments et meme entoures de muscles 

 a I'epoque de leur enfouissement. Le squelette entier du meme 

 animal gisait a peu de distance. J'ai remarque que toutes les fois 

 qu'on rencon trait des ossements disposes de cette maniere et pour 

 ainsi dire, encore articules on trouvait egalement que le sable 

 formait sur un de leurs cotes un agglomeration tres dure " (Bull. 

 Geol. Soc. of France, 2nd ser. vol. xxi. p. 40). The agglomeration 

 of hard sand mentioned in the concluding sentence seems to point to 

 the carcase having decayed close by and thus given a more or less 

 cohesive texture to the inclosing material. 



I do not propose to travel into Italy or Spain, where our problem 

 becomes complicated by our entering another zoological province^ 

 which in fact we partially do in France and England, where, as Sir 

 Charles Lyell and Mr. Dawkins long ago pointed out, we are on the 

 verge where two such provinces more or less overlap, and we conse- 

 quently meet with forms — Elephas antiquus, Bhinoceros leptorhrnus, 

 and Hippopotamus major — which are not found further to the north- 

 east. We do not profess in this paper to give a complete list of the 

 skeletons of the great pachyderms that have occurred in Europe. 

 Ours has necessarily })een but a casual gleaning ; but the cases cited 

 will suffice to show that such skeletons have been found in all parts 

 of the European continent, from the Urals to the Western limits of 

 the occurrence of Mammoth remains, and have not been so infre- 

 quent nor so limited as to locality as some have supposed. In 

 addition to the skeletons of the pachyderms, we might have quoted 

 a catena of examples of the occurrence of skeletons more or less 

 complete of the lesser mammals, which prove the same fixcts, e.g. 

 the cases of the numerous entire skeletons of the Irish Elk found in 

 Ireland and the Isle of Man, and of the perfect skeletons of Marmots 

 found at Aix-la-Chapelle, and Fisherton in Somersetshire. Cuvier 

 reports the discovery of a fossil skeleton of a horse at Berg, near 



