204 H. H. Howorth — The Mammoth in Eurojoe. 



Canstadt (0. F. p. 94), of skeletons of the Eed-deer at Wiedikow, 

 Flurlingen, and Oeningen, of the Bos primigenius, in Hanover, and 

 similar cases might of course be quoted at considerable length. The 

 museum at Lund in Sweden alone supplying excellent materials. 



These examples will, however, suffice to show how very general 

 the preservation of intact skeletons corresponding under other 

 climatic conditions to the bodies preserved with their flesh intact 

 in Siberia is in Europe. 



As in Siberia, the great majority of the remains of Mammoths no 

 doubt consist of scattered bones, and of these such a number has 

 been discovered that it would occupy a folio to describe them. I 

 will here only call attention to two or three examples, which seem 

 to point to some generalizations on the limits of distribution of the 

 Mammoth in Europe having to be reconsidered. 



It was long ago observed that the borders of the Baltic are much 

 less fertile in Mammoth remains than those of the North Sea, and 

 they do not in fact seem to have occurred in some large districts 

 bordering upon it. At all events they are not named by Eichwald as 

 occurring in Livonia, nor are they named from Ingria or Lithuania. 

 It is therefore natural that when we get further north than this it 

 should be concluded that they do not occur at all. Thus it has been 

 asserted that the Mammoth has not occurred in Scandinavia. 



Scandinavia and Finland have in some respects virtually the same 

 physical features. Now Cuvier expressly tells us that he received 

 a lower molar tooth of a Mammoth, which had been found in 

 Ostro-Bothnia in Finland, from M. Quesnel, who was in charge of 

 the Natural History Collection at Stockholm. He refers further to 

 some gigantic bones disinterred at Falkenberg in the province of 

 Halland in Sweden in 1733 by M. Daebeln, and of which he gave 

 figures in the Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. 5, tab. 5. Cuvier says that these 

 figures apparently represent the first rib and carpal bone of an 

 elephant. 



In Denmark remains of the Mammoth, although infrequent, have 

 certainly occurred. A tooth was exhibited at the Congress of Anthro- 

 pology at Copenhagen in 1869, which was found near Odense, and 

 M. Valdemar Schmidt, who exhibited it, said a small number of 

 other teeth found in different parts of Denmark are preserved in the 

 Zoological Museum attached to the University (Comptes Kendu, p. 31). 



A more curious locality is Iceland, which is reported in a memoir 

 by Thomas Bartholin, in an early number of the Copenhagen 

 Academy, where we read of a molar tooth sent by Kesenius from 

 Iceland, and given by him to the University of Copenhagen. It is 

 described as petrified like flint, and we are told that Sir Hans Sloane 

 had a similar tooth whose origin was unknown (see Cuvier, 0. F. 

 p. 117). It ought to be added that De Blainville has suggested that 

 these teeth perhaps belonged to the Mastodon, whose teeth often 

 have this flinty texture. It is quite clear that the physical con- 

 figuration of both Scandinavia and Finland, as in the cases of the 

 North of Scotland and of Brittany, would make these areas uncon- 

 genial to the Mammoth. Just as the thick forests which then 



