H. H. Hoioorth — The Mammoth in Europe. 253 



ture, more like that now prevailing on the southern flanks of the 

 Alps, in Friouli, and Croatia, where alone are now found the great 

 Zonites (verticillus, croaticus, etc.), the Helix nemoralis, Helix arhus- 

 torum, and Helix hideus (Report of the International Congress of 

 Anthropology at Stockholm, pp. 104^106). 



This evidence is assuredly coincident with that furnished by the 

 fresh-water shells of the Siberian strata, in which Mammoths' 

 remains occur, and especially by the remarkable fact that such a 

 southern form as Cyrena fluminalis occurs there (see Belt on the 

 Superficial Deposits of Siberia, Journal Geological Society, vol. xxx. 

 p. 490, etc.). 



These mollusca not only point to a mild climate but to one which 

 was comparatively mild all the year round. Tor they could not 

 migrate with the seasons nor could they survive an arctic tem- 

 perature. The same conclusion is attested by the remains of plants. 



Here I would quote a curious passage from an essay hj Baer, 

 entitled " De Fossilibus Mammalium Eeliquiis," etc., in which he 

 describes the discovery of a number of trunks of birch trees with 

 bones of Mammoths. I will quote his own graphic words. "In 

 ponendo fundamento domus, custodi noni emissarii canalis Bromber- 

 gensis destinatae, repertura est sub turfa, 9 pedes alta, stratum arenae 

 tenuis et huic incumbens, magnus arborum numerus cortice fere 

 incolumi, necnon ossium maximorum farrago, quorum multa, 

 e fossa extracta sunt. . . . Clar. Wutzke, e consiliis regiminis, qui 

 canali huic fodiendo, praefuit, de hac re a me interrogatus dentes 

 effossos, dentibus mammonteis omnino similes fuisse afiirmavit. 

 Memoratu dignissimum videtur sceleton in sylva prostrata inventum 

 esse, et quidem inter arhores, quos plaga nostra et hodie gignit. Con- 

 tendit vir laudatus quanquam lignum corruptura invenisset, ex cortice 

 Betulam albam se agnovisse nee unum inter operarias fuisse qui non 

 idem censisset. Quid strias fuscas, quibus praeter alias gaudet cortex 

 betulinus, conspicuas observavit vir in his rebus peritissimus. Nuin 

 ex relatio concludere eis elephantem primigenium in patria nostra, 

 betuletis inhabitasse et ergo non tropicam temperiem expertum esse, 

 an mavis casu quodam terrae superficiei commotiones Betulas cum 

 reliquis Mammonteis ex antiquiore aevo superstitibus in maris fundo 

 quern arena indicat commiscuisse" (op. cit. pp. 15 and 16). 



Mammoths' remains were found associated with cones of the Pimis 

 sylvestris at Sprottau, in Silesia (Quarterly Eeview, vol. cxiv. p. 378), 

 but it is the evidence recently adduced by Heer and Saporta 

 which is the most valuable. The former has written on the Plant 

 Remains from the Quaternary deposits so rich in Mammoth remains 

 at Canstadt in Wurtemberg and elsewhere, and the latter on the 

 similar remains from Moret, in the valley of the Seine. 



From the tuffs of Canstadt Professor Heer has succeeded in 

 identifying 29 species of plants ; these comprised a large oak with 

 obtusely and widely lobate leaves, six inches broad, and oval acorns 

 nearly twice as large as those of Quercus peduncidata ; a poplar with 

 large cordate leaves, with but faintly undulated leaves (Po^mlus 

 Fraasii, Heer) ; a walnut, like the American Juglans nigra and 



