H. H. Howorth — The Mammoth in Europe. 255 



Acer grows with difSculty now where the Ficus grows wild, while 

 the latter has to be protected in winter in the latitude of Paris (op. 

 cit. pp. 102, 104). 



In this debris of the flora we not only have a capital means of 

 fixing the isothermals of the period when, and the district where, the 

 Mammoth and his companions lived, but also have no doubt a fair 

 list of the plants upon which he was accustomed to feed. 



The evidence of the animals found with the Mammoth in Western 

 Europe and Siberia points to precisely the same conclusion. Un- 

 fortunately we have had only very incomplete researches in the 

 latter area, but we know that the Rhinoceros tichorliiniis. Bison priscus, 

 Bos primigenius, Equus caballus, and the Ovibos moscliatus occur 

 there, and all these occur together in the west ; but farther we find 

 in these deposits in the west several animals which are still living 

 in Siberia, and which have no doubt survived from the epoch of 

 the Mammoth, but are no longer found living in Europe, such as 

 the Saiga Antelope, the Keindeer, the Lemming, two species of 

 SperniopMlus, etc. The presence of these animals in both areas 

 points most forcibly to the climatic and other conditions having 

 been alike in both, a view which is much confirmed by the famous 

 discovery described by Mr. John Evans, in the 20th volume of the 

 Journal of the Geological Society, of not only bones of the wild 

 goose which have occurred elsewhere in Europe, but also of portions 

 of egg-shells, in all probability belonging to the same bird, which 

 still breeds in such enormous numbers in Siberia. The immense 

 deposits of fluviatile mollusca from the beds we have described 

 prove what a famous feeding ground Europe must then have been 

 for the wild goose, and shows why Europe should then have been its 

 breeding quarters, it being widely held now that the summer habitat 

 of birds is mainly fixed by abundance of suitable food. 



While the evidence of the Mammals is satisfactory that a con- 

 tinuous climate and conditions ranged over both Siberia and Europe, 

 their evidence is also consistent with that of the other factors we 

 have adduced, that the climate must have been a temperate, and 

 doubtless one with a more equable mean between summer and 

 winter, marked perhaps by an isotherm very like the one which now 

 characterizes Central Europe. This is surely pointed by the dis- 

 covery of bones of Lepiis timidus, near Salisbury, described by Mr. 

 Evans in the paper already cited, and the more important discovery 

 of remains of the Sorex araneus, of young moles, of the Lepiis timidus, 

 of the common squirrel, of the Mus terrestris, and of many bones of 

 frogs, together with those of the Mammoth, Ehinoceros, and Hyaena, 

 at Kostritz (see Schlotheim zur Petrefactenkunde, Gotha, 1822). 



It would seem, therefore, that Siberia and Europe during the 

 period of the Mammoth formed one zoological province, which in 

 Western Europe moi-e or less overlapped with an entirely different 

 province then occupying the Mediterranean border-land, and of 

 which some sporadic elements, such as the Hippopotamus, the 

 Ehinoceros leptorhinus, and probably the Machairodus, extended 

 into Mid-Britain. These mammals are matched among the mollusca 



