John Gunn — Causes of Change of Climate. 75 



width of the teeth, as observed by the late Professor Leith Adams, 

 (Palceont. Monograph, E. antiquus, p. 31) during the Forest-bed 

 series. 



The effect produced by the continued upraising of the bed of 

 the Estuary is very remarkable. As its result, we have on one side 

 the remains of an Estuary without a river, and on the other side the 

 remnant of the magnificent Ehine without its Estuary. 



The extent to which this severance of the estuary from the river 

 has been carried through the elevation of the land is truly marvellous. 

 This is shown by the dispersion of Elephants and other animals on 

 either side. 



Prof. Goldfuss, of Bonn, has noticed several teeth derived from 

 a diluvial deposit on the banks of the river Ruhr in Westphalia, 

 with well-marked rhombs, similar to those of the existing African 

 elephant,^ and he inferred thence that the valley of the Rhine was 

 formerly inhabited by a species of Elephant, which more nearly 

 resembled the existing African species than the E. primigeniiis does 

 the existing Indian. 



A tooth of the Elephas (Loxodon) priscus is also mentioned by 

 Dr. Falconer, loc. cit. p. 96, to have been derived from Grray's 

 Thurrock, in the valley of the Thames, differing slightly from the 

 E. Africanus, and another found on the beach at Palling on the 

 Norfolk coast, described by him, loc. cit. pp. 98 and 99 ; a thii'd from 

 the Stony-bed at Horstead, now in the Norwich Museum, and also 

 a well-pronounced specimen in Mr. Savin's Collection ; these all 

 prove the same or a very similar species of Elephant to have existed 

 on either side of the valley of the Rhine. 



We may go far beyond these limits, and observe that these fossil 

 remains are found not only on both sides of the Rhine- valley, but 

 also beyond the Alpine moimtain ranges intervening. 



There is an unquestionable correspondence, I might say identity, 

 between the fossil remains on the west and on the east side of the 

 Alps and Sub-Apennines. At the Museum of Florence there are 

 magnificent specimens of the E. meridionalis rivalling those of our 

 Forest-bed, associated with the E. antiquus, so that I could not but 

 feel quite at home there, and that I was treading on like ground to 

 that of my native country. This coincidence is not confined to one 

 single district beyond the Alpine regions ; when at Rome, Mr. Ponzi 

 showed me, among other teeth, one which resembled those of the 

 intermediate Elephas giganteus, found at Mundesley, in Norfolk. 

 At Monte Mario, near Rome, I obtained a specimen of the E. 

 meridionalis, which I placed in the Norwich Museum. Thus these 

 denizens of the Forest-bed, with which we are so familiar, are found 

 on the other side of the Alpine ranges in like abundance, and of the 

 same colossal stature. 



A question arises, how could they have crossed those mountains 



supposing they were raised to their present height ? Judging from 



accounts given of their powers of locomotion in India, there can be 



little doubt that the height alone would have offered no obstacle, but 



1 Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, vol. ii. p. 94. 



