360 Prof. T. JRuperf Jones and James W. Kivlihy — 



arched dorsal border, prominently and centrally swollen sides, with 

 compressed extremities, and hence a regularly convex lenticular 

 lateral contour. It comes near to our C ? bairdioides, and may 

 possibly be a modification of that form. The genus is not well made 

 out yet. 



Along with these Carbonice there are found ganoid scales of Fishes, 

 the remains of a very thin shell resembling Anthracomya, a Spirorbis 

 (probably S. carhonarius, or near it), pieces of carbonized wood 

 showing structure, and abundant fragments of plants too obscure 

 for determination,^ 



Dr. Dawson informs us that none of the Entomostraca are found 

 inside the tree-stump with the reptilian remains, but that they 

 are confined to a foot or two of shale in which the bases of the 

 trees are imbedded,^ The accompanying woodcut (see previous 

 page), after a sketch by Dr, Dawson, will help to make their mode 

 of occurrence clear. See also chapter xii. of Dr. Dawson's " Acadian 

 Geology," 1868 ; and Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. x. 1853-4, p. 8, 

 " Subdivision IX." 



The fossils here associated with the Carbonice are just the same 

 in character as have occurred to us and our friends along with 

 C. fabidina in numerous Coal-measure localities in England and 

 Scotland. In fact, in the upper (later) portion of the Carboniferous 

 series the fossils associated with this chai-acteristic Coal-measure 

 Entomostracan are always of this stamp. But in the lower (earlier) 

 portions of the series, and thus in the earlier days of the history of 

 C. fabidina, it had a somewhat wider range of associates. For in the 

 Calciferous-Sandstone or Lower-Carboniferous series of the East of 

 Scotland, it is found of very robust habit, together with Leper ditia 

 Oheni (type form), L. Oheni, var. Scotoburdigalensis, Jieyrichia 

 subarcuata, and Cythere superba (J. & K. MS.), all of which species 

 occur at other times with undoubted marine Mollusca {ScMzodus, 

 Myalina, Macro cheilus, etc.), and other fossils. In these latter cases, 

 however, Carbonia is absent ; and when it is found with the 

 Leperditia, and other named Entomostraca, plant remains and other 

 indications of nearness of land are always present. So that every- 

 thing points to C. fabidina having had its habitat in decidedly 

 shallow water, — let it have been fresh, brackish, or marine. 



While on this point it may be observed that the same remarks 

 hold good as to the conditions under which the Leaia and Estheria 

 (to be afterwards noticed) lived. All that is known of the physical 

 surroundings of the species of these genera indicates shallow water 

 with land close by. To some extent the Burdiehouse variety of 

 L. OTceni may be included within these observations ; for, though it 

 was unmistakeably marine in its general mode of life, it is almost 



1 See Geol. Mag. Dec. II. Vol. VIII. p. 95, 1881. 



2 Some of the hollow stems of the Coal period were evidently frequented by swarms 

 of these ancient water-fleas. We have taken numerous specimens of the species, 

 C. fabidina, from the interior of a flattened Calamites, in Coal-measures, Pirnie 

 Colliery, Fife ; and our friend, Mr. John Young, of Glasgow, found the same species 

 very abundant inside of a stem of Lepidodendron, in the Coal-measures of the west 

 of Scotland. 



