W. Topley — European Geological Surveys. 447 



mantle of Boulder-clay, and the existence of Keuper marls in the 

 neighbourhood was before unknown, the Survey map showing the 

 Lower Keuper sandstone for many miles round. 



I had the pleasure this month (September, 1884) of showing the 

 section to the members of the Liverpool Geological Society. 



V. — Eepoet upon the National Geological Surveys of Europe.^ 



By W. Topley, F.G.S., 

 Assoc. Inst. C.E., Geological Survey of England and "Wales. 



Introduction. 



IN the following pages a brief account is given of the organization 

 and publications of the chief Geological Surveys^ in Europe. 

 The statements are taken from official sources, or from an inspection 

 of the publications. 



Information has been kindly supplied by the directors of the 

 following surveys : — Austro-Hungary, Bavaria, Belgium, Italy, 

 Norway, Saxony, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland. 



In the preparation of this report my colleague, Mr. W. H. Dalton, 

 has given me much assistance ; my thanks are also due to Professor 

 G. A. Lebour and to Mr. F. W. Eudler. 



The " Geological Kecord " gives descriptions of maps published in 

 and since 1874. 



The libraries of the Museum of Practical Geology and of the 

 Geological and Geographical Societies contain a large collection of 

 the maps and other publications of the various surveys (see the 

 "Catalogues" of those libraries). The more important publications 

 are noted as they appear in the " Proceedings of the Eoyal 

 Geographical Society," the " Quarterly Journal of the Geological 

 Society " (November number of each year) and in " Petermann's 

 Mittheilungen " (Gotha). 



The oflBcial title of the Survey is first given, with the place of the 

 head office, which is also the place of publication unless otherwise 

 stated. The mode of issue varies greatly, and therefore the exact 

 titles of the publications are given as far as possible. It was 

 intended to give information upon the various systems of colouring, 

 the subdivisions mapped, signs used, etc. ; but this would greatly 

 have lengthened the Eeport, and it must stand till next year, if 

 desired. 



For information upon Topographical Surveys reference may be 

 made to the " Notes on the Government Surveys of the Principal 

 Countries of the World," prepared at the Intelligence Branch of the 

 War Office, London, and published in 1883 (price Qs.). This gives 

 the scales of all the chief maps ; plates, with descriptions, of the 

 various signs employed; full tables of all measures of length and 



1 A Paper read before the Geological Section (C), at the Meeting of the British 

 Association at Montreal, 1884. 



2 The exact equivalent of the term "Geological Survey" is not used on the 

 Continent ; it is that of Committee, Commission, Inquiry, Institute, or Service. 



