W. Topley — European Geological Surveys. 449 



come from them. On the Continent this has rarely been so ; nearly 

 all the surveys are directly due to the Governments, and much of 

 the geological literature comes from those connected with the 

 surveys, or from official mining engineers. There, also, many 

 Professors of geology are connected w^ith the surveys ; this is not 

 now the case in England, although many of its Professors have at 

 one time served on the staff. In fact at the present time the 

 Geological Survey and Cambridge University almost divide betvv^een 

 them the active teaching povfer of geology in England. 



The publications of the English Society are confined to questions 

 relating to its work and progress ; but this is not always the case 

 abroad. The staffs of the Austrian and Prussian Surveys have 

 always been active in working at the geology of districts outside 

 their own special areas, which are by no means small, and the 

 results are given in the official publications of those Surveys. The 

 best work of late years relating to the geology of Turkey and 

 Greece has been done by ofiicers of the Austrian Survey. 



Alsace-Lorraine. — Commission filr die Geologische Landes-Unter- 

 suchung von JElsass-Lothringen (Strasburg). 



The director is E. Cohen. The maps — ' Geologische Specialkai'te 

 von Elsass-Lothringen,' are on the scale of 1 : 25,000. 



The publications are ' Abhandlungen,' with atlas, dating froin 

 1875; the first volume contains a Bibliography of Alsace-Lorraine, 

 by E. W. Benecke and H. Rosenbusch, pp. 77. 



A map of the environs of Strasburg — ' Geologische Karte der 

 Umgegend von Strassburg,' by E. Schumacher, 1 : 25,000, 1883 — 

 gives special agricultural information, like the maps near Berlin. 



AusTRO-HuNGARY. — KaisevUcli-KoniglicJie Geologischen Beichsan- 

 stalt (Vienna). 



This Survey was established in 1849, with W. von Haidinger as 

 director ; he was succeeded in 1867 by the present director, F. E. 

 von Hauer. Dionys Stur has been vice-director since 1877. 



The field work of the survey, which is mostly done on the scale 

 of 1: 25,000, is at present divided into four sections: — (1) under 

 G. Stache, in Tirol ; (2) under E. von Mojsisovics, in N. Styria ; (3) 

 under C M. Paul, in the Galician Carpathians ; (4) under E. Tietze, 

 in the western and north-western parts. There is a large staff of 

 assistant geologists and others. 



There are in all about twenty- three official topographical maps of 

 Austro-Hungar}'^ or of parts of it, on scales from 1 : 12,500 down- 

 wards. These are all being absorbed in the ' Uebersichts-Karte,' 

 scale 1 : 76,000, on which the geological information is published. 

 The complete topographical map will be in 715 sheets, of which 270ai'e 

 published with the geology ('Neue Specialkarte'), dating from 1870. 



The meridian is Ferro, 18° 9' W. of Greenwich. The heights are 

 given in metres ; there are contour-lines at intervals of 50 metises. 

 The sheets are not quite rectangular, the right and left edges being 

 always meridian lines, 30' apart.^ 



^ This most convenient arrangement is also adopted in the maps of Prussia and 

 my. 



DECADE III. — VOL. I. —NO. X. 29 



