452 W. Topley — European Geological Surveys. 



A reduction of Dumont's map, scale 1 : 380,000, showing the bcrls 

 below the Hesbayen and Campinien, was published in 1877 by 

 Lelorrain and E. Henry. 



Finland. — Finlands Geologiska Under sohning (^Suomenmaan Geo- 

 logillinen Tuthimus) (Helsingfors). 



This survey was commenced in 1865, under the Department of 

 the Administration of Mines, on the scale of 1 : 200,000, the director 

 being K. Ad. Mobex'g. 



The publication commenced in 1879 ; five sheets, in the neighbour- 

 hood of Helsingfors, were issued up to 1882. Thei'e are descriptions 

 ('Beskrifning') to the sheets. All the superficial deposits are shown. 



The explanations on the maps are given in Finnish and Swedish; 

 the ' Beskrifning ' is in Swedish. 



The meridian is Helsingfors, 25° 12' E. of Greenwich. 



France. — Carte Geologique detaillee de la France (Paris). 



The origin of this survey may be traced to the Paris Exhibition 

 of 1855, when, under the direction of Dufrenoy and Elie de Beau- 

 mont, twenty maps, scale 1 : 80,000, were coloured geologically in 

 MS. and exhibited. 



These maps, with others, amounting in all to sixty-two, all in the 

 N. and N.W. of France, were again presented at the Paris Exhibi- 

 tion of 1867. 



The recognition of the value of such maps, and the fact that similar 

 surveys were in progi'ess in neighbouring countries, led to the estab- 

 lishment of the geological survey in 1868, with Elie de Beaumont 

 as director. On his death, in 1875, M. Jacquart became director. 



The map employed is the ' Carte Topographique de I'Etat Major,' 

 scale 1 : 80,000. The meridian is Paris, 2° 20' E. of Greenwich. 

 The map of France is in 258 sheets ; Corsica in sheets, 259-267. It 

 has hill shading without contours ; heights in metres. 



Each map is accompanied by an ' Explication ' printed on one 

 side only, to be attached to the map if desired ; also by plates con- 

 taining longitudinal and vertical sections and photographs. 



A very elaborate system of signs has been employed on the maps, 

 for distinguishing minute varieties of rocks, soils, ores, mineral 

 springs, etc. The number of these signs is 1113. In addition to 

 these a large number of subordinate signs have been devised, 

 further explaining or modifying the others.^ 



As the work progresses, it will be reduced and published on the 

 scale of 1 : 320,000 ; this will be in 32 sheets ; Corsica in sheet 33. 

 Each sheet of this map will include 16 sheets of the larger scale. 



The publication of the maps commenced in 1873, with sheet 48, 

 Paris ; the explanation of this being ' Cahier I.' About 47 sheets 

 are now issued, chiefly in the north. 



In addition to the explanations of sheets there are " Memoires " ; 

 No. 1, ' Pays de Bray,' by De Lapparent, was published in 1873. 

 The foregoing statements refer only to the existing survey, but 



1 All these signs, etc., are fully explained in pamphlets issued in 1874, 

 * Generalites' A, U, C, and D. 



