W. Topleij — European Geological Surveys. 453 



there were official publications of earlier date.^ In 1822, incited 

 thereto by the publication of Greenough's ' Geological Map of 

 England and Wales ' (1819-20), a survey was commenced by 

 Dufrenoy and Elie de IBeaumont, under the direction of Brochant 

 de Villiers. From 1822 to 1825 the surveyors were studying field 

 geology in England. In 1825 the work was commenced in France, 

 De Beaumont taking the east, Dufrenoy the west. There were two 

 assistants, and the sui'vey was completed in 1830. 



The Map, " Carte Geologique de la France," is in 6 sheets, scale 

 1 : 500,000. It was published in 1840-42 ; the two volumes of 

 ' Explication ' in 1841 and 1848. 



A reduction of this map ('Tableau d' Assemblage '), scale 

 1 : 2,000,000, was published in 1841. 



There are a large number of maps and memoirs of Departments ; 

 some by private geologists, but most by official mining engineers. 

 These maps are on various scales ; some, as that of the Pas de Calais 

 (by Du Souich, 1851) on the full scale of 1 : 80,000. 



A Geological Map of France in 48 sheets, scale 1 : 500,000, is in 

 preparation by C. Vasseur and L. Carez. 



Italy. — Eeale Comitato Geclogico d' Italia (Eome). 



This survey was commenced in 1868, when the capital was 

 Florence. It was directed by a committee of Professors at Universities 

 and Engineers of Mines. In 1873, when the chief office and place 

 of publication were transferred to Eome, the staff was reorganized ; 

 the Comitato (with Professor Meneghini as President) retained only 

 a consulting power, the real chief of the survey being P. Giordano, 

 the present director. The staff consists of 7 geologists, 3 assistants, 

 and a palseontologist. 



The systematic and detailed investigation of the country dates 

 from 1873, and was commenced in Sicily ; in 1879 the survey was 

 extended to the Apuan Alps and the Eoman Campagna. The scale 

 adopted for the survey is usually 1 : 50,000; areas of special interest, 

 such as those mentioned above and parts of Sardinia, are surveyed 

 on the scale of 1 : 25,000. Eecently some surveys have been made 

 on the scale of 1 : 10,000 — of Elba, Ischia, and the environs of Eome. 



A general map (1 : 1,111,111) was published in 1881 : another, 

 on the scale of 1 : 500,000, is now in preparation, Sicily being 

 published (1883). 



The systematic publication of the survey map will be on the scale 

 of 1 : 100,000, in 277 sheets, those of Sicily being nearly ready for 

 issue. Districts of special importance will be published on the scale 

 of 1 : 25,000, with contours ; Elba, in two sheets, is now ready. 



In the topographical maps prepared by the Italian Government 

 (of which there are 18, on various scales), the meridian is reckoned 

 from Eome (Mont Mario), which is 12° 28' E. of Greenwich. There 

 is a topographical map, prepared by the Austrian Government, on 

 the scale of 1 : 75,000, in which the meridian is reckoned from 

 Ferro ; but this map is not used by the Geological Survey. 



1 A notice of the various geological maps of France was given, by G. A. Lebour, 

 in the Geoyraphital Magazine, vol. iii. p. 47, 1876. 



