W. Topley — European Geological Surveys. 455 



Several memoirs have been published ; and also a map — ' Carta 

 Geologica de Portugal,' by C. Kibeiro and J. F. N. Delgado, scale 

 1 : 500,000; 1876. 



Pkussia. — Kdnigliclie Geologische Landes-Anstalt und Bergacademie 

 zu Berlin (Berlin). 



The publications of this survey date from 1870 ; the director is 

 W. Hauchecorne. 



The map — ' Geologische Special-Karte vonPreusse und den Thiirin- 

 gischen Staaten ' — is on the scale of 1 : 25,000, with hill shading 

 and contours. 



It is divided into 88 ' Grad-Abtheilungen,' each subdivided into 

 60 ' Blattern,' excepting on the frontier and sea-board, where some 

 sheets are absent. Each complete ' Grad-Abtheilung ' contains 

 exactly 1° of long, and 1° of lat. ; each ' Blatt ' contains 10' of long, 

 and 6' of lat. ; the sheets are therefore not quite rectangular. The 

 longitude is reckoned from Ferro, 18° 9' W. of Greenwich. 



The publication takes place in ' Lieferungen,' each containing 

 from three to nine maps of the same district, though not always in 

 the same ' Grad-Abtheilung.' The ' Lieferungen ' vary in price 

 according to the number of maps included, averaging 2 marks per 

 map with its 'Erlauterung.' The maps near Berlin are especially 

 agricultural, minute variations of soil being indicated by signs. 



About 26 "Lieferungen" are issued, containing 142 sheets; which, 

 for convenience of reference, may be grouped as follows : — 



Berlin, Potsdam, etc 27 



Wettin, Jena, etc 84 



Wiesbaden, Frankfort, etc 13 



Saarbruck, etc 18 



142 



A descriptive text ('Erlauterung') is issued with each map. 



There are also ' Abhandlungen ' dealing with special districts, 

 palaeontology , etc. These date from 1872. They contain numerous 

 plates and maps, the latter being sometimes separately issued. 



The Jahrbuch, dating from 1880, contains shorter papers, reports, &c. 



A reduction of the above-mentioned map — ' Geologische Karte 

 der Provinz Preussen,' scale 1 : 100,000 — is in course of publication. 



Numerous general maps of Germany or of parts of it are published, 

 the most important of which is that of H. von Dechen — ' Geologische 

 Karte der Eheinprovinz und der Provinz Westfalen,' in 35 sheets, 

 scale 1 : 80,000. A continuation of this map, on the same scale, 

 being a reduction of the new Prussian survey, is now being prepared. 

 The Wiesbaden sheet (numbered 35) was issued in 1882. 



Geological surveys of some German States have been made on the 

 scale of 1 : 50,000, not all directly by the Government, but the great 

 survey above described will probably absorb these and will re-map 

 the districts on the larger scale. 



Amongst these local surveys are the following : — ■ 



Baden made by Zittel and Sandberger. 



Hesse. — ' Geologische Specialkarte des Grossherzogthums Hessen 

 und der angreuzenden Landesgebiete.' This survey, under the 



