456 TF. Topley — EuroiJean Geological Surveys. 



direction of E. Ludwig, is in eighteen sheets, with text. It was 

 made by the ' Mitteh-heinischer Geologischer Verein ' (Darmstadt), 

 and was pubh'shed from 1855 to 1872. 



Upper Silesia. — A ' Specialkarte der Oberschlesischen Bergre- 

 Tiere,' scale 1 : 10,000, is published by the ' k. Oberbergamt in 

 Breslau ' ; in ' Lieferungen,' of ten or more sheets. The price of 

 each sheet is 1^ mark. 



Saxony. — Konigliche Geologische Landesuntersiichting von SacJisen 

 (Leipzig). 



This survey dates from 1872 ; the publications from 1877. The 

 director has from the commencement been Hermann Credner. There 

 are eight assistant geologists. 



The scale for mapping and publication is 1 : 25,000 ; the meridian 

 is Ferro, 18° 9' W. of Greenwich. The maps — ' Geologische Special- 

 Karte des Konigreiches Sachsen' — are contoured at intervals of 5 

 metres on the lowlands and 10 metres on the hills. 



The division of the maps, as regards lines of latitude and longi- 

 tude, is the same as in the Prussian maps. The maps of Saxony have 

 a special numbering of their own, but most of them now published 

 would be contained within Grad-Abth. 58 and 72 of the large 

 Prussian map. 



The maps show all the drift-deposits, the soils being sometimes 

 noted and described in detail. 



In some cases a separate edition, showing only the solid rock, is 

 issued. There are also special issues for certain mining districts. 



Much attention is paid to the petrological variations in the crystal- 

 line and eruptive rocks, these being noted by letters and signs. 



Thirty-five sheets are published, all in the western part of Saxony, 

 but those in the extreme south-west are not yet issued. The price 

 of each sheet is 2 marks, of the accompanying 'Erlauterung' 1 mark. 



A general map has been published by the director, ' Uebersichts- 

 karte des Sachsischen Granulitgebirges und seiner Umgebung,' 

 scale 1 : 100,000, 1884; price, with Erlauterung, 5 marks. 



Detailed descriptions of the work and publications of the Survey 

 of Saxony have been published by the director (H. Credner) in 

 'Mittheil. des Vereins fiir Erdkunde zu Leipzig,' 1877 and 1880. 



Spain. — ComisiSn del Mapa Geologico de Espana (Madrid). 



The Commission was formed in 1849, with P. Luxan as director. 

 At one time under the Statistical Department, it was, in 1872, placed 

 with that of the Mining Engineers. The existing organization and 

 systematic publication date from 1873, when the present director, 

 Manuel Fernandez de Castro, was appointed.^ 



The Government topographical map of Spain is on the scale of 

 1 : 50,000, with contours at 20 metres apart. This was commenced 

 only in 1875, and few sheets are published ; it will be completed in 



1 A full account of this survey was published for the Mining Exhibition in 

 Madrid, 1883 — Com. Mapa Oeol. Espan., su origen, vicisitudes y circumstancias 

 actualts, vi\\h tvio mAexTatv^s, {Boletin, i. X.). An earlier publication ' iir««o?-i« . . . 

 Mapa Geol. Espan., 1876, Madrid, pp. 183. This gives a full account of the geo- 

 logical literature of Spain (in provinces) and its foreign possessions. 



