W. Topley — European Geological Surveys. 457 



about 1,080 sheets ; this map is not used by the Geological Survey. 

 Other maps are on the scale of 1 : 100,000 and 1 : 200,000. The 

 last is that lasually employed in the field work of the geological 

 survey. The longitude in all is reckoned from Madrid, 3° 41' AV. 

 of Greenw^ich. 



The staff of the survey since 1873 has usually contained six mining 

 engineers and seven or eight assistants. 



The maps are issued on the scale of 1 : 400,000, with the reports 

 on each province (see below). 



The publications of the survey consist of the ' Boletin,' dating 

 from 1874, and the 'Memorias' dating from 1875. 



Each volume of the ' Memorias ' is devoted to the ' Descripcion 

 fisica y geologica ' of a single province ; mining is added in the title 

 of some, and agriculture in others, these latter being those written 

 by Daniel de Cortazar. The volumes, of from 200 to 400 pages, 

 contain plates of fossils, sections, etc., and also the maps (1 : 400,000) 

 already referred to. 



The ' Boletin ' contains shorter descriptions of special districts, 

 translations of foreign memoirs on Spanish geology, etc. The maps 

 here are on various scales. Atogether, since 1873, twenty-seven pro- 

 vinces have been described : eleven of them with maps of 1 : 400,000. 



Descriptions of some provinces, with maps, were published before 

 the reorganization of the survey in 1873 ; some had maps of 1 : 

 400,000. 



The palaeontological work of the survey is scattered throughout 

 the various volumes, but this is now being collected and separately 

 issued. 



The largest (and in some respects the best) general map of Spain 

 and Portugal is that of De Verneuil and Collomb (1 : 1,500,000), 

 published in Paris in 1864 ; and a second edition, with text, in 1868 

 (now out of print). Another map (1 : 2,000,000) was published by 

 F. de Botella, of the Spanish Survey, in 1881. The price of this is 15 

 francs ; there is no text. 



At the conclusion of the work of the survey, now approaching, a 

 complete map of Spain, on the scale of 1 : 400,000, will be published 

 in sixteen sheets; the first sheet will probably be published in 1885. 



Sweden. — Sveriges Geologiska Under soJcning (Stockholm). 



This survey was commenced in 1858 with Alex. Erdmann as 

 director. In 1869-70 the director was A. E. TiJi-nebohm ; he was 

 succeeded in 1871 by the present director. Otto Torell. 



The staff consists of twelve geologists, with some additional assist- 

 ants during the summer months. 



The survey is made on two scales ; in the more populous districts, 

 1 : 50,000; in the mountainous districts, 1 : 100,000. In the former 

 case the maps are published on that scale, in the latter the publica- 

 tion is on the scale of 1 : 200,000. 



The meridian is Stockholm, 18° 3' E. of Greenwich. The maps 

 are not contoured, but numerous heights are given in Swedish and 

 Norwegian feet (= 12'35 English inches). 

 . The publications date from 1862. 



