W. Toj)ley — Eurojjean Geological Surceys. 459 



Studer and A. Esclier von der Linth in 1853, scale 1 : 350,000 ; with 

 text — 'Geologie der Schweiz,' by B. Studer, 2 vols., 1851-53. 



United Kingdom. — Geological Survey of the United Kingdom 

 (London). 



The founder of this Survey was H. T. de la Beche, who before 1832 

 had coloured geologically the Ordnance one-inch maps of the South- 

 West of England. In that year a small grant was made by the Govern- 

 ment towards the cost of publishing these maps by the Ordnance 

 Survey, but De la Beche also contributed money for the purpose. 

 Subsequently De la Beche was definitely appointed to make a 

 Geological Survey, under the direction of General Colby, then the 

 head of the Ordnance Survey. The first result of this was the 

 publication of the ' Eeport on the Geology of Devon, Cornwall, and 

 West Somerset,' 1839, with the one-inch maps of the district. 



About 1832 other geologists were surveying various districts upon 

 the one-inch maps of the Ordnance Survey — William Smith in many 

 parts; ^ W. Lonsdale near Bath ; H. Maclaughlan and J. E. Wright 

 (both of the Ordnance Survey) the Forest of Dean and near Ludlow 

 respectively ; W. Logan in S. Wales. Some of this information, 

 notably Logan's, was incorporated in the official geological maps. 



In 1845 the Geological Survey was detached from the Ordnance 

 Survey and was placed under the ' Office of Woods and Works ; ' in 

 1854 it became a branch of the 'Department of Science and Art.' 



From about the year 1832 some officers of the Ordnance Survey 

 in the N. of Ireland collected geological information, which was 

 completed and published by Captain J. E. Portlock in 1843. 



The geological survey of Ireland was commenced in 1845, with 

 Captain H. James as director, the subsequent directors being T. 

 Oldham in 1845 ; J. B. Jukes, 1850; E. Hull, 1869. 



The Survey of Scotland was commenced in 1854, and was made a 

 distinct bi'anch of the Geological Survey in 1867, with Arch. Geikie 

 as Director, succeeded in 1882 by H. H. Howell. 



England, the original home of the Survey, was presided over by De la 

 Beche as Director till 1845, when A. C. Ramsay became director; he 

 was succeeded in 1872 by H. W. Bristow, now the senior director. 



The dates of appointment of the Directors- General are : H, de la 

 Beche, 1845; Sir E. I. Murchison, 1855; A. C. Eamsay, 1872; 

 Arch. Geikie, 1881. 



Until 1845 the Survey was known as that of Great Britain ; when 

 the survey of Ireland was commenced, the original name was confined 

 to that of Great Britain proper, the entire Survey being called that 

 of the United Kingdom. In 1877 the title of Great Britain was 

 discontinued entirely, this Survey being divided into those of England 

 and Wales and Scotland. 



The total number of the staff of the Geological Survey is now 

 fifty-seven, distributed as follows : one Director-General, three 

 Directors, three District-Surveyors, fourteen Geologists, twenty-five 

 Assistant Geologists, four Naturalists and Palasontologists, four Fossil 

 Collectors, three General Assistants. 



The survey of the greater part of England has been done on the 



^ Smith made a Geological map of Somersetshire upon the one-inch scale in 1799. 



