332 Reports and Proceedings — 



with other than freshwater shells (except at Gedgrave, where the 

 marine shells associated with it are derivatives from the Crag), he 

 inferred that the depression did not bring the sea into Suffolk or East 

 Norfolk. In West Norfolk and around the Wash, however, it did 

 so, the Cyrena being associated with the marine gravel at March. 

 The evidences of this depression bringing in the sea around the 

 Wash (which consist of the Nar brick-earth and the gravel of 

 Hunstanton, March, and other places in the Fen country with 

 marine shells) extend to about 30 feet elevation. This gravel 

 at Overton, near Peterborough, passes down into a bed with 

 freshwater shells only, thus resembling the Olacton bed, and at 

 March containing the Cyrena in abundance. Northwards the for- 

 mation is represented by the C^reiia-gravel of Kelsea Hill, in Hol- 

 derness ; and the evidences of depression rise in that direction to 

 near 100 feet, as a brick-earth, at Kirmington in North Lincoln- 

 shire, at between 80 and 90, containing mammalian remains and 

 Scrobicularia piperata, with valves united, is regarded by the author 

 as part of the formation ; and there he instanced the ripple-marked 

 pan beneath this formation at Hessle as evidence of redepression or 

 transgression, similar to that afforded by the Mollusca at Overton 

 and Olacton. He then described this gravel as extending up the 

 vales of York and Tees to about similar elevation, and as passing in 

 them, as it does in Holderness, under the clay of the minor glacia- 

 tion. Southwards he traced the formation as represented by the 

 shingly sand and gravel of Avisford and Bourne Common in Sussex ; 

 the Selsea mud-bed with Lusitanian shells, near the present sea- 

 level, representing the first part of the formation, which the depres- 

 sion carried transgressively to Avisford. In the Thames and lower 

 Lea valleys he described, and showed, by many lines of section, how 

 considerable a denudation accompanied the rise from this depression, 

 so that not only most of the formation but also much of the gravel 

 /, of glacial age, on which the uppermost bed of this formation 

 rested, was washed away, the latter having for a great distance been 

 left on an escarpment facing the valley sides. This denudation, he 

 showed, was in the same places repeated after the formation of the 

 gravel of the minor glaciation. 



Under the division of minor glaciation or reindeer age, he described 

 the various formations, morainic, atmospheric, fluviatile, and marine, 

 due to a return of glaciation after England had, except in the north- 

 west, become all land. The morainic part in the north-west (which 

 was the Upper Clay of Lancashire and adjoining counties) he 

 regarded as extruded beneath the sea up to that level at which it 

 contains shells, these having been dropped from floe-ice detached 

 from the shores, which drifted over it while thus undergoing extru- 

 sion ; but in the north-east it was terrestrial, owing to this part 

 having emerged from the depression of the Cyrena formation before 

 the moraine reached Holderness, and therefore it contained no shells. 

 '^I'he ice giving rise to this moraine was of far less volume than that 

 of the Chalky Clay, and instead of seeking the sea as that did, when 

 the sea lay over the centre and south of England, it passed to it in 



