Prof. T. E. Jones — Destruction of Marine Animals. 535 



3. Nordenskiold noticed the fact of fresh water from the mouth 

 of the Yenisi killing deep-sea fish. 



4. Lyell has referred to the mud-floods of the Shebenacadie 

 Eiver, such as may be regarded as analogous to those that killed and 

 buried the Saurians and Cephalopods in the Liassic sea. 



Vice versa, the fishes of the Jordan, brought down by periodical 

 floods, are killed by the saltness of the Dead Sea. 



II. Volcanic agency is very destructive to Aquatic Life. 



1. The Lake Myvatn (Iceland), 20 miles in circumference, was 

 invaded by lava, which kept the water boiling for 20 days in 1783 

 (Somervilles Physical Geography, p. 791), 



2. Great quantities of fish were destroyed by lava coming down 

 from Kilauea {Reclus' La Terre, Eng. ed. vol. i. p. 539). 



3. Fishes were seen " cooked and floating " .... together 

 " with Shellfish and other aquatic animals," on Lake Ilopango, near 

 San Salvador, owing to an eruption of the volcano in the lake in 

 18S0 {Nature, June 10th, 1880, No. 554, p. 124). 



4. Lyell also refers to the dead fishes around Graham's Island in 

 the Mediterranean ; and the analogy of the surrounding deposits to 

 the Paleeozoic ash-beds has been pointed out. 



III. Earthquake- waves are noticeable in this connection. 



1. On a quantity of Crabs thrown up on the Beach in Payta Bay. 

 By Dr. 0. Forbes, R.N. — For some time previous to the occurrence 

 of a severe earthquake-shock, on or about the 30th August, 1857, the 

 Bay of Payta swarmed with Crabs of a kind not generally observed, 

 and ten days after the earthquake they wei'e thrown up on the beach, 

 in a raised wall-like line, 3 to 4 feet wide, and to the height of about 

 3 feet, along the whole extent of the bay, and above high- water mark. 

 At the same time as the upheaval of the Crabs took place, the water 

 of the bay became changed, from a clear blue, to a dirty blackish- 

 green colour, much resembling that off the Island of Chiloe, Concep- 

 cion, and the southern parts of Chili. Ten days afterwards. Dr. C. 

 Forbes found that living specimens of the Crabs were still numerous 

 in the bay, but all appeared to be sickly, and numbers came ashore 

 to die. There were no appearances of any alteration of the relative 

 position of sea and land in the vicinity, nor had any ebullition of 

 gases been observed ; although probably to both these causes com- 

 bined the phenomenon described was due {Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 

 vol. xiv. p. 294; 1858). 



2. " Lake Ontario Troubled. — An extraordinary rise and fall of the 

 water in Lake Ontario was observed for several hours on the 

 afternoon of the 13th of June. The ebb and flow occurred every 20 

 minutes ; that is, for ten minutes the water would gradually recede, 

 then commence rising and continue to rise for about ten minutes. 

 The water rose two feet and three or four inches above the ordinary 

 level, then receded about the same distance below the usual level, 

 making a variation in the height of the water of nearly or quite four 

 feet and a half every 20 minutes. The water flowed up the beach some 

 five rods beyond the point touched in still water, and it flowed back 

 ten rods beyond the ordinary water edge ; thus the ebb and flow 



