E. T. Hardman — Raised Beach at Tramore, 211 



two or three streams flowing into and through it, at present of trifling 

 size, but which must formerly have been of some importance as 

 mud-carriers, as is shown by the dimensions of the old river-courses 

 now filled by alluvium. These streams coalesce into one, that finds its 

 way to the sea by a narrow passage called the Einnashark. At 

 various places around the estuary, and at heights varying from two 

 to ten feet above high- water mark, layers of sand, clay, and gravel 

 are found, resting on Boulder-clay, vegetable soil, or — as in one 

 place — a thick layer of good peat bog; and containing numerous 

 specimens of recent marine shells, chiefly the common cockle, — 

 Cardium edule, — with Turritella, Littorina, Modiola, etc. Time did not 

 permit of my making a very careful examination of the fossil con- 

 tents of these beds. I was, however, able to trace the Raised Beach 

 for about a mile on each side of the estuary. On the east side it is 

 very well marked indeed as to configuration, forming a narrow 

 stretch of low flat ground along the margin of the shore, and with 

 shells tolerably abundant, these being also found at some little 

 distance from the shore, in the sides of a ditch a field off. But 

 on the west only a few isolated patches of shelly gravel were to be 

 found ; and the shape of the shore is not such as to suggest the 

 existence of a raised beach. Yet of this there can be no question, as 

 will be seen from the following details. 



The fii'st section seen on the west, at the north-eastern junction 

 of Crobally Upper with Crobally Lower, and near the former mouth 

 of one of the streams flowing into the bay, is as follows : 



(See Plate XI. Fig. 1, p. 214.) Ft. In. Ft. In. 



c. Mould, clay, etc. (artificial) 2 



b. Stratified sand containing fragments and whole shells of Gardium \ 



edule, Turritellu, etc... ... ... ... ... ... 2 > 10 



a. Boulder-clay, with Talus of recent sand, etc., in all 8 0; 



The shelly bed here is somewhat variable in thickness — from six 

 inches to two feet — and in level ; but its height above present high- 

 water mark is about ten feet. 



Crossing the stream, and proceeding northwards along the coast 

 for about 600 yards, we come to a place marked on the working Six- 

 inch Map with the following note by Mr. W. L. WiUson, who 

 examined this district in the early days of the Survey : — " Layers of 

 Cockle-shells (m situ) 2\ feet above present level of high-water, 

 imbedded whole as if buried alive, in clayey drift." I could not find 

 the deposit here alluded to, as it has been " improved ofi^ the face of 

 the earth " ; but a little to the east of the spot, in a new drain run- 

 ning from a sluice gate in the recently built Reclamation Wall, cross- 

 ing the estuary from this point, I saw the following remarkable 

 section (see Plate XI. Fig. 2, p. 214) :— 



«. Clayey bed with broken Cockle-shells, about ■ 



d. Brown solid Peat ... ... ... ... .. ... 



c. Clayey brown Sand ... 

 a. b. Brown clayey Boulder-clay, with cracks or pipes filled with blue stiff 



clay, to water's edge 1 



5 8 



Ft. 



In. 







8 



2 







2 







