E. T. Hardman — Raised Beach at Tramore. 213 



gradually disappears under a thin bog connected with an alluvial 

 flat. (See Plate XI. Fig. o, p. 214.) This bog is itself covered by 

 high- water of spring-tides. 



I think there is sufficient resemblance between these sections and 

 Figs. 2 and 3, to warrant us in referring them all to one horizon, and 

 in believing the shells above the peat in Fig. 2 to be in situ, cor- 

 responding to the gravel-bed above the black bed in Lissellan. 



North of the Wall (or of Section 4) the raised beach can be traced 

 for about half a mile by its appearance, which is tolerably distinct. 

 It seems to die out towards the head of the estuary. 



Although this beach is of insignificant extent, it is of some interest 

 on account of its recording several oscillations of surface as having 

 occurred during Post- Glacial times ; for it will be observed that 

 from the sections three distinct land-surfaces and as many silt-beds 

 can be identified. First and lowest comes the Boulder-clay, evi- 

 dently denuded, perhaps after depression, and a deposit of mud and 

 gravel, with shells laid on it — First Submergence. Then we have 

 the land rising again, marked by a dark sandy bed full of vegetable 

 matter (? old alluvium), with, in places, shells at the base, becoming 

 in part peat bog — Second Land-Surface. Next comes a deposit of 

 gravel, stratified, and in at least two places containing sheila — 

 Second Submergence. This is covered by quite recent bog passing 

 into alluvium along the Keiloge Kiver — Third Land-Surface. And 

 the last is now subject to floods at spring-tides — showing that the 

 Third Submergence has commenced. 



With regard to this last, it may be mentioned that at the south- 

 western corner of the estuary, close to the town, there is a partially- 

 submerged and silt-covered bog,^ which appears to be connected 

 with an alluvial flat extending northwards. This bog has been 

 buried for many years, for it was recorded on the Six-inch Working 

 Map by Mr. Willson in the beginning of the Survey. At present 

 there is no trace of it ; but during the great storm of 1870 the strand 

 was torn Up and the bog laid bare. In the summer of that year I 

 happened to be in the neighbourhood, and visiting the strand saw 

 the bog where it was even then visible between high- and low- water 

 mark. It appeared to have been covered by not more than six 

 inches of sand, and was certainly in situ, and not the result of a 

 quantity of bog having slipped, and spread over the sand. Had this 

 been so, it must have been levelled and removed by the tidal action 

 long before I saw it. The strand being now re-formed, there is none 

 of the bog visible. It is possible that it is contemporaneous with 

 the alluvial bog referred to above as capping the last gravel -bed in 

 Section 5, at Lissellan ; but that either because the land commenced 

 to sink towards the south, or by reason of the slope of the ground, 

 the latter has as yet only barely come within the influence of the 

 water. 



The subject of changes of level in estuaries as shown by the 

 presence of alternating beds of peat or vegetable soil and silt, etc., 



* The strand under which it lies is covered totally at high-water. 



