Pleistocene Deposits at Ilford. 395 



of specimens any hitherto made from this neighbourhood. The 

 relative proportions of the remains of the several families are, also, 

 such as are generally found in similar deposits in other localities. 



Of the Carnivores the remains are few — only eleven — and belong 

 to the Lion, Fox ? (one fragment) , and the Bear. The first is re- 

 presented by two examples; but, as we might expect, from the 

 known active habits of the Felidse, their remains are comparatively 

 rare in all aqueous deposits, being more generally fouud in caves 

 and rock fissures. Of the Bear two species are recorded as having 

 been found at Ilford, viz. JJrsus arctos and U. ferox ; but as neither 

 jaws nor teeth are in the collection, no satisfactory determination as 

 to which of these species each bone should be respectively referred, 

 could well be made, and has not been attempted. 



The remains of the Proboscidse are numerous, and are referable 

 to two species, ElepJias primigerdus and E. antiquus. This group 

 is not only numerous in specimens (about 300), but also in indi- 

 viduals, of which there are the remains of 84, as indicated by jaws 

 and teeth alone, exclusive of the tusks ; of these there ^are 14 

 examples, large and small. Even assuming that many of the limb 

 and other bones might have belonged to one or the other of these 

 individuals, we may still fairly estimate that there are portions^ of 

 more than 100 Elephants in the collection ; for there are few in- 

 stances in which more than one bone could be assigned to the same 

 animal. Of the greater portion of the bones of the skeleton there 

 are many fine examples, and they illustrate, together with the teeth 

 and jaws, individuals of every age and size, from the smallest suck- 

 ing calf to the animal of most mature age. 



The Pachyderms are represented by three genera, viz. Bhinoceros, 

 Equus, and EJipiJopotamus ; and collectively they comprise 121 speci- 

 mens. Of the Rhinoceros, remains of three species are present, B. 

 leptorhinus, B. megarJiinus, and B. tichorMnus ; those of the first being 

 the most numerous. Of this species there are 77 separate remains, 

 consisting of skulls, jaws, detached teeth, vertebrao, and limb-bones. 

 The Megarhine Rhinoceros, of which there are seven examples, is 

 comparatively rare at Ilford ; whilst at Grays, a few miles off, it is 

 the species most frequently found. The Tichorhine Ehinoceros is also 

 rare in this locality, being only represented in the collection by two 

 fragments. Of the remains of the Horse there are 34 specimens, 

 including a fine fragment of the skuU. The Hippopotamus is only 

 represented by a single fragment — the body of a lumbar vertebra. 



The Euminant remains constitute fully one-half of the collection, 

 numbering more than 500 specimens, consisting of teeth, skulls, 

 jaws, limb, and other bones, with antlers and horn-cores, belonging 

 to the genera Gervns, Bison, and Bos. Of the first there are 7 speci- 

 mens of the great Irish-deer, and 50 of the Eed-deer, besides 13 

 fragments of undetermined species; making an aggregate of 70 

 objects. The Bison, judging from the paucity of its remains in the 

 collection — only 34 — was a rare animal, when compared with those 

 of its congener, the large Bos, which exceed 300. 



This evidence of numbers is important as tending to prove that 



