C. E. De Ranee — Mineral Ye'ins in the North-west Country. 67 



hill and fault is to the north, the lode ranging half-way across the 

 hill, sloping down towards the Calder. The distance from the 

 watershed is not great, nor are the other conditions very favourahle ; 

 but as the works are now discontinued, the quantity of lead in the 

 lode is probably not very great. But it is remarkable as being the 

 highest lead-bearing horizon in the Carboniferous rocks of the district, 

 with the exception of the Lead-mine Fault to the west at Hambledon 

 Hill, about two miles east of Accrington, where the Arley Mine, the 

 lowest coal of the Middle Coal -measure, is often permeated with 

 strings of galena ; and much lead occurs in the centre of the faulty 

 which traverses the top of the hill at an elevation of 1330 feet, 

 throwing the strata, which dip at a small angle to the south, 80 yards 

 in the same direction. 



The hill has a steep escarpment to the north, and is more or less 

 isolated on either side, proving considerable denudation of rocks since 

 the infilling of the fault with lode-stuff and other matter, for the 

 fault and beds dipping from the escarpment give no gathering ground 

 for water to pass through, and collect ore. 



In a paper " on the Eelative Age of the Lines of Elevation of the 

 Carboniferous District of Lancashire and Yorkshire," ^ Professor Hull 

 has shown that the great series of E. N. E. anticlinal and synclinal 

 folds exhibited in the hills of Millstone and Yoredale Grits, of the 

 " Pendle Eange," had taken place, and great denudation gone on.^ 

 before the deposition of the Permian strata upon their upturned 

 and denuded curves ; and that a second system of disturbance 

 (the Pennine), ranging nearly north and south, uplifted the Pennine 

 Chain, dissevered the Lancashire and Yorkshire coal-fields at the 

 close of the Permian era, which was followed long after, probably 

 after the deposition of the Oolites, by a third system, of lines of 

 fracture ranging N. N. W. 



From the researches of Mr. J. M. Wilson, M.A.,.^ it appears^ 

 probable, and even certain, that contortions are the inevitable results 

 of subsidence of a curved surface, and that faults are cracks the 

 result of the re-elevation of that curved surface, in which " the 

 rocks have to expand, so as to fill a larger area." From which it 

 would appear to follow that the curves of the Pendle range were 

 the result of a subsidence taking place at the close of the Carbon- 

 iferous era, accompanied by much marine denudation, produced by 

 a sea, which on re-elevation became inland and land-locked. 



The high range of Lower Carboniferous Fells which have been 

 described as forming the eastern limit of the Lancashire coal-field 

 northwards gradually approach nearer and nearer to the sea, the 

 lower peat plain and the intermediate Boulder-clay terrace having 

 been much denuded by the sea. These fells, which rise to a height 

 of nearly 2000 feet, are a continuation of the Pendle range, and 

 form the boundary between the counties of Lancashire and Yorkshire. 

 The strata (as shown in the section given in fig. 1, p. 324 of 

 Professor Hull's paper, before alluded to) of which these Fells 



1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1868, p. 323. 



2 Geol. Mag., 1868, p. 207. 



