C. E, De Ranee — Mineral Veins in the North-west Country. 69 



ferruginous cement stone as base. 6. "Little Ironstone shale." 7. 

 Crystalline dark warm-grey limestone, weathering red, and decom- 

 posing, locally " Eed Bed Limestone," 80 feet. la. Dark black 

 shale, with occasional fragments of Encrinites, "' Eed Bed Shale," 

 and '' Little North Shale of Brennand Mine," 25 ft. 76. Compact 

 limestone, seldom red ("Lower Post Limestone"), 78 ft. 8. Black 

 calcareous shales, " Low Post Shale," with many bands of lime- 

 stone, sometimes the latter predominating, which is the case 

 at Brennand Mine, 73 ft. 9. Black chert, "Bull-star Flint," 

 thickness variable, running off in veins, average perhaps 20 feet. 

 10. "Six-fathom Limestone," pale-grey colour and compact, 38 feet. 

 12. Thick compact limestone, fossiliferous, certain beds containing 

 grains 'and crystals of lead spread throughout the mass, locally called 

 twelve-fathom limestone. The lodes in it containing an almost 

 unlimited quantity of barium sulphate, in fine radiating crystals, 

 which is often associated with crystals of fluor-spar, which are some- 

 times colourless, and sprinkled over with ci^stals of lead-sulphide 

 and copper pyrites. Large quantities of the heavy spar occur on 

 the mine-heaps, in Losterdale brook, and on the roads, derived from 

 this source. 



The valley of Sykes roughly resembles in shape the letter p 

 placed on its side, in an E.N.E. direction, its long axis being the 

 Sykes anticlinal, the various beds, from 1 to 12, ranging in concentric 

 belts, the oldest limestone being at the bottom on the west side, the 

 newer beds occurring above, and the Upper Yoredale Grit forming the 

 top of the fells, on either side of the valley, which is breached on the 

 north (W. side of the p ) by the mountain pass, called " the Trough 

 of Bolland," and on the south (W. side of the p ) by the valley 

 of Langden and Losterdale Brook. On the east end of the \^ , the 

 watershed at Whin Brow, between Sykes and Brennand valleys, is 

 1564 feet high, and is crossed by a path at 1450 feet, which descends 

 to Brennand House, by fine cliffs of Upper Yoredale Grit, forming a 

 combe-like hollow, surrounded by a large talus of fallen " screes." 



Along the ridge above runs a fault, with an easterly downthrow 

 of 60 feet, which has the effect of throwing the base of the Upper 

 Yoredale Grit above the present level of the ground. It, however, 

 reappears, and striking S.S.W. to Sykes Nab, where the grit is 

 traversed by a small synclinal dipping S.E. at 75°, in the bank 

 above the road, and N. 35 W. at 15°^ in the quarry nearer Hareden, 

 where an impure freestone has been worked, which can in no way 

 compare with the beds of similar age of Longridge.^ 



The basement beds of the Upper Yoredale Grit are well seen in the 

 Trough of Bolland, where they were long ago described by Prof. 

 Phillips in " The Geology of Yorkshire," where also may be found 

 a section of the anticlinal in the limestone, traversed by a lode, 

 running parallel with it. 



The black shales are well seen near Turner Hill (at a height of 

 1274 feet by the aneroid), where the beds are rolling, and contain 



* This fault was first made out by Mr. Hudson, who made a m^ineral survey of the 

 district for the lord of the manor. 



