70 C. E. Be Ranee — Mineral Veins in the North-west Country. 



numerous carbonaceous and siliceous nodules, sulpliur-partings, and 

 the water that flows out of them is slightly impregnated with a 

 mineral oil. The cement-stone is about four feet in thickness, and 

 dips east of Nab House at 11° to the south-east; and on the opposite 

 side of the valley, at Trough House, in the reverse direction.' The 

 Lower Yoredale Grit occupies a narrow belt of country surrounding 

 the various bands of limestone, &c., with the lowest and oldest at Crag 

 Wood towards the centre ; the whole series, from the Lower Yoredale 

 Grit to the twelve-fathom limestone, forming a rough parallelogram 

 one mile in length, and half in breadth, the long axis of which, the 

 Sykes anticlinal, runs in a direction N. 30 B. 



Near Sniddle Holes, between Trough of Bolland and Whin Brow, 

 two poor lodes occur in the shales, running E. 28° N., nearly parallel 

 to each other, 140 feet apart. The Trough House north lode con- 

 tains bisulphide of copper and iron ; the south lode galena, blende, 

 and iron and copper pyrites.^ The two lodes hade towards each 

 other, and form a small " trough fault," running with the strike of 

 the rocks and hill -sides, with an inward dip, circumstances tending 

 to a small circulation of water, an adverse condition for a rich lode, 

 according to Mr. Wallace's Laws, there being no gathering for water 

 in consequence of the slope. 



The ore in the present instance must have been entirely introduced 

 before the denudation of the Sykes valley, and must have been 

 derived from the Upper Yoredale Grit, or higher formations. 



The Trough House rock, and accompanying black shale, which 

 contains a great quantity of sulphur, is well seen at Eam's Clough, 

 25 feet of grit being visible, dipping 22° at N. 40 W., and 12 feet of 

 the black shales near the barn by the foot-bridge. 



The cement-stone, lying above the Ked Bed Limestone, consists of 

 three beds of an aggregate thickness of 9 or 10 feet ; it is well exposed 

 along the course of Penny brook, near the cart- way from Nab House, 

 where the dip is S.E. at 30°. Still higher up, where a brook branches 

 off to the right, it is E.S.E. at 35°. A specimen I procured of this 

 rock yielded on analysis 7 per cent, of metallic iron. 



The basement beds of the Limestone shales, lying above the Bull- 

 scar chert, are well seen in Eam's Clough, east of Sykes. Above the 

 chert is 20 feet of Low Post shales and limestone bands, the shales 

 being from -6 to 12 inches, the limestone from 2 to 3 inches, on which 

 rests an earthy dark limestone, 14 inches thick, completely full of 

 crinoid stems, on which rest 190 feet of shales and limestone bands, 

 and Lower Post limestone. 



Good sections of the limestones occur in Bracken hill, above the 

 quarries, which are situated in the " Twelve-fathom," dipping 8° to 

 the West. The surface of the rock in one bed is completely sprinkled 



1 As the whole of this district is now, I helieye, being surveyed by my colleague, 

 Mr. Tiddeman, I have omitted as much as possible all. reference to the rocks and 

 details of the geology, except such as have direct bearing on the distribution of ore in 

 the lodes, to which I have there especially directed my attention. — C. E. R. 



2 A mass of copper pyrites was found on the opposite side of the valley, near the 

 cement-stone bed, but it may have been brought there by glacial action. 



