C. E. Be Ranee — Mineral Veins in the North-west Country. 71 



with crystals of galena. Below this seam occurs an Encrinital band 

 eight feet thick, resting on a Coral bed two feet thick. The lowest 

 bed seen is often of an apparently brecciated character, the fragments 

 being slightly dolomitized. Higher up the hill the six-fathom lime- 

 stone dips 17° to the W., and a little further south the axis is 

 reached, which passes obliquely across the valley, giving at first sight 

 an appearance of a fault passing down the valley. The anticlinal arch 

 is well seen in the quarry on the east side, a little north of which, 

 near Cragg Wood, a small lode was once worked, running N. 60 E., 

 with a southerly downthrow, containing blende, calamine, and 

 copper pyrites. South of the axis by the brook the dip of the beds 

 is S. 60 E. 



A well-marked lode (fault) has been worked on both the west 

 and the east side of the road. The "foot- wall " is particularly smooth, 

 covered with slickenside, and hades South at 52°. On the east side 

 of the road the lode has been driven on for a distance of 108 fathoms, 

 commencing in a direction E. 36 N. At 13 fathoms from daylight a 

 cross fault-lode comes in, running N. 35 W., on which a " sump " was 

 sunk, 18 feet in depth, from which much lead was procured, but 

 which had to be stopped in consequence of the large influx of water, 

 the bottom being beneath the level of Losterdale Brook, draining the 

 valley. The southern prolongation of this fault is cut off by the 

 main lode, which is the case also with another small lode ranging 

 N. 16 W., 80 fathoms distant from the entrance of the level; which, 

 on the opposite side of the road, ranges W. 26 S., and has been 

 driven westwards 69 fathoms. This productive lode is remarkable 

 for being a strike-fault nearly coincident with the anticlinal axis.^ 



Following the Sykes anticlinal to the north-east, it passes across 

 Brennand valley, and rises a little north of Brennand House, and runs 

 south of, and nearly parallel with, the adit-level at Brennand mine, 

 No. 1 level of which is driven right through it. From this point 

 it runs across " the col," or depression in the range of hills inter- 

 vening between Brennand and Whitendale valleys. This col is 

 covered with a thick deposit of peat, resting on a yellow stiff clay, 

 containing, near the lodes, much lead and vein-stuff. In the centre 

 is the reservoir for the mine, supplying the hydraulic pumping and 

 hauling engines, the bottom of which was cut down to the rock, 

 which was foimd to be limestone, traversed by a lode, ranging 

 S. 20 E., proving that the limestone tract of Brennand is continuous 

 across the col with that of Whitendale, the limestone tract at the 

 reservoir being 100 yards in width at Brennand river ; measured 

 across the axis it is 750 yards in width, at Whitendale 600. 



The south side of the col is bounded by Middle Knoll, at the top 

 of which the Yoredale Grit has been quarried. 



The Limestone tract of Brennand and Whitendale may be there- 

 fore compared to an elliptical boss, of which the major axis is the 

 Sykes anticlinal, and the minor (which is mor. the result of the 



1 These sections were visited and viewed with much interest by the late Sir 

 Eoderick Murchison, who was of opinion that the valley is due to a fault running 

 along it. 



