74 H, P. Malet — On Earthquakes. 



lode. In the whole of the district, where the carbonate of zinc has 

 occurred, it has been as a surface metal, while the sulphuret is more 

 often found in depth. Both ores of zinc are found in shaley-lime- 

 stone and shales, in which lead would hardly ever occur. 



At Brennand, the chief lead lode crosses the anticlinal, nearly at 

 right angles, while the Whitendale zinc lode runs nearly parallel to 

 it. There is reason to believe that the latter is the same lode that is 

 lead-bearing at Swine Clough, on the opposite side of Brennand river. 

 If so, it must either cross, or terminate the southern prolongation of 

 Brennand lode, the latter being most probable, as no trace of the 

 fault can be found on the face of Mellor Knoll. The Whitendale 

 lode is probably newer than that of Brennand, the magnetic east 

 and west lode being older than the magnetic north and south lode. 



The surface of the ground, at the bottom of the col between 

 Brennand and Whitendale valleys, consisted of the uppermost beds 

 of limestone, the overlying shales having been denuded, and carried 

 away down to the level of the limestone. As the lodes traversing 

 these upper limestones are highly productive of lead, it would 

 appear probable that the ore was introduced before the denudation 

 of the col, when the upward prolongation of the faults, in the shales, 

 were still open fissures. 



To sum up the general results derived, from an examination of 

 the Sykes, Brennand, and Whitendale lodes, those running across 

 the anticlinal axis are productive of lead ; those with the strike 

 of the beds of zinc, and at Sykes of lead and baryta, the quantity of 

 ore being determined more by the nature of the matrix than by the 

 distance from the watershed and from the surface. 



(To he continued) . 



VI. — Earthquakes. 



By H. P. Malet, Esq. 



THEEE have been several Earthquakes lately, and they are still 

 attributed to volcanic action. As the Quarterly Beview of 1st 

 January, 1869, tells us, the most popular notion regarding these 

 phenomena " is the hypotJiesis of contraction of the mass of this glohe 

 hy radiation of heat into space." If we examine this sentence by 

 geological reasoning, confining ourselves to those things, and actions, 

 which are visible, and tangible, we find two causes of objection to it. 

 We ask, whence is the heat to radiate into space ? and where is the 

 mass capable of contraction? There are certain laws which rule 

 atoms, and worlds ; we have only to understand these laws, and 

 their effects, to enable us to comprehend every phenomena upon 

 earth ; man has not been able to do this, but has sought interpreta- 

 tions from his own imagination, till he has been led into innumerable 

 difficulties. Man has been trying to find out an imaginary self- 

 existing fire in the centre of this globe for more than 2000 years 

 without success, he does not like to give it up, as it is a very 

 convenient, and irresponsible agent ; so at this present moment 

 the Underground Committee of the British Association are ex- 



