A SILVERED GLASS TELESCOPE. 



11 



the assistance of these templets, the coiiA^ex tools of lead and iron and the concave 

 surface of the mirror are made parts of a sphere of proper diameter. 



The excavation of a large flat disc of glass to a concave is best accomplished by 

 means of a thick plate of lead, cast considerably more convex than the gauge. 

 The central parts wear away very quickly, and when they become too flat must be 

 made convex again by striking the lead on the back with a hammer. The glass is 

 thus caused gradually to approach the right concavity. Ten or twelve hours usually 

 sufiice to complete this stage. The progress of the excavating is tested suflUciently 

 weU by setting the convex gauge on a diameter of the mirror, and observing how 

 many slips of paper of a definite thickness will pass under the centre or edge, as 

 the case may be. This avoids the necessity of a spherometer. The thickness of 

 paper is found correctly enough by measuring a half ream, and dividing by the 

 number of sheets. In this manner differences in the versed sine of a thousandth 

 of an inch may be appreciated, and a close enough approximation to the desired 

 focal length reached — the precision required in achromatics not being needed. 

 The preparation of the iron tools on which the grinding is to be finished is very 

 laborious where personal exertion is used. They require to be cast thin in order 

 that they may be easily handled, and hence cannot be turned with very great 

 exactness. 



The pair for my large mirrors are 15| inches in diameter, and were cast f of an 

 inch thick, being strengthened however on the back by eight ribs f of an inch high, 

 radiating from a solid centre two inches in diameter (ct, Fig. 6). They weighed 25 



Fig. 6. 



. .. B n ■ _ 



^'B a a a m 



^11 K y H B I 

 I ■ ■ ■ D ■ 



_ ■ H ■ ■ ■ I 



B ■ ■ ■ ■ B 

 B B B B B I 

 I B B B B P 



B B B H B 



1.3 B B B B_G 

 B H a B B : 



~ 1 is H a fl 



. 5S iS H B 1 

 "<i._B H 8 B' 



The Iron Grinder. 



pounds apiece. Four ears, Avith a tapped hole in each, project at equal distances 

 round the edge, and serve either as a means of attachment for a counterpoise lever, 

 or as handles. 



After these were turned and taken off the lathe chuck, they were found to be 

 somewhat sprung, and had to be scraped and ground in the machine for a week 

 before fitting properly. The slowness in grinding results from the emery becoming 

 imbedded in the iron, and forming a surface as hard as adamant. 



Once acquired, such grinders are very valuable, as they keep their focal length 

 and figure apparently without change if carefully used, and only worked on glass 

 of nearly similar curvature. At first no grooves were cut upon the face, for in th^ 



