OP THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 15 



Mr. David Christy, of Oxford, Butler county, Ohio, has described an upright 

 stump and roots of a tree in the blue clay, eight miles east of Oxford, at a depth 

 of thirty feet. Dr. Hildreth notices several instances of logs in the blue clay of 

 Athens county, Ohio, some of them 40 feet below the surface. 



At Mercer, Ohio, near the source of the Little Miami river, timber and dirt beds 

 are known at a depth of forty and fifty feet. In numerous instances, half decayed 

 logs have been found in the wells of Scioto county on the upland farms, 200 to 

 400 feet above the Ohio river. The same has been observed in the counties of 

 Madison, Franklin, and Stark, showing that muck beds and trees are universal 

 beneath the soil throughout Ohio. 



6th. Walioorth County, Wisconsin. — Resembles white cedar, decayed but not 

 decomposed ; color bright, not mineralized, from a well eighteen feet deep in a 

 prairie region, about 250 feet above Lake Michigan. (I. A. Lapham, Esq.) 



7th. Appleton, Wisconsin. — Juniperus Virginiana (red cedar) in red clay eigh- 

 teen feet below surface, about 150 feet above Lake Michigan, not rotten nor mate- 

 rially changed ; another specimen, apparently white cedar, thirty feet below surface 

 in same red clay somewhat decayed. (From Dr. S. E. Beach.) 



8th. Green Bay, Wisconsin. — Apparently willow in red clay fifty feet below the 

 surface of Lake Michigan, well preserved. (From Daniel Whitney, Esq.) 



9th. BanJcs of the Embarras River, Minnesota. — White cedar ten feet below sur- 

 face at base of a sandy layer near the Mesabi range, about 600 feet above Lake 

 Superior. 



10th. Two logs of resinous timber are reported by the Hon. Chas. Mason to have 

 been found in a well 60 feet deep at Iowa City, Iowa, on the upland or general 

 level of the country. A bed of sticks and leaves was observed by the same gen- 

 tleman at Burlington in the same State, 100 feet above the Mississippi river, at d, 

 depth of 12 feet. 



Animal Remains of the Drift. 



The elephant and mastodon of the drift era survived till the period of the allu- 

 vion proper. Many years since, the grinder of a mastodon was found on the west 

 side of the Cuyahoga river, at Cleveland, in the valley alluvion, near the lake level, 

 resting upon drift clay. The Bucyrus Mastodon, the skeleton of which is nearly 

 perfect, was imbedded and preserved in swamp muck and marl. It is described in 

 the Ohio Reports for 1839. A tusk of the elephant and other bones, exposed at 

 the railway cut, near Sandusky, Ohio, were in a recent bog. Grinders and bones 

 of the elephant have been found in the modified or valley drift, beneath the city 

 of Cincinnati. I have seen the same in alluvial muck in Koss County, Ohio, about 

 50 feet above the bottom lands of the Scioto valley. 



The Big Bone Lick, of Kentucky, is within the range of extreme high water of 

 the Ohio river, partially covered by the fine yellow loam-like deposits of that 

 stream. The Castoroides Ohioensis of Mr. Foster, belongs to the modified drift 

 of the valley of Licking river. The same gentleman discovered the grinders of 

 an elephant in the valley drift of the Muskingum river. But there are also cases 



