CHINA, MONGOLIA, AND JAPAN. 19 



The Tehyih mine seems to be tlie most important, and lias been worked for a 

 horizontal distance of 8,500 feet. The seam is very irregiilar in thickness, varying 

 from a mere thread to six or seven feet, and as much so in strike and dip. The 

 anthracite is didl and hard and made up of layers. It flics to' pieces in burning.^ 



Spec, gr l-IS 



Parts of lead reduced by one part of coal . . . . 31.00 



Units of heat 7130.00 



Percentage of ash ........ 7.00 



In this mine one miner produces on an average only about 100 catties — 133 lbs. 

 — daily, and the loss of time in bringing the coal to the surface is very great, the 

 man who drags the sled being obliged, from the lowness of the gallery, to go on his 

 knees the entire distance of more than a mile and a half The men protect their 

 knees and hands with cushions, a precaution of which I was able to appreciate the 

 value after having gone in about 6,000 feet and back without any such protection. 



The galleries grow smaller as the mine grows older, for, in replacing the old 

 timber it often happens that the miners dare not remove an old piece, but are 

 obliged to place the new one under it, and m this way the lapse of time reduces 

 the height of the only thoroughfare of the mine. I was surprised on seeing at the 

 entrance a very large fan-blower, made much like the machines used for fannmg 

 rice (which, in turn, are the same as our o^vvn fanning machines), and which is 

 used here for ventilation. 



In the district of Fangshan all the coal is said to be anthracite. Several seams are 

 traversed by the galleries of the Yingwo mine, the lowest seam being only about 150 

 feet above the limestone, the intervenin*g beds consisting of argillaceous shales, and 

 the whole apparently conformably stratified with the limestone. The strike of these 

 beds is E. W., and the dip about 30° to N. The lowest seam, which furnishes the 

 most of the production of the mine, is very irregular, varying in thickness from one 

 to thirty feet. The anthracite is very friable and flaky.^ 



Spec, gr 1-86 



Parts of lead reduced by one part of coal . . . . 27.70 



•Units of heat . . 6371.00 



Percentage of ash ........ 15.00 



At Changkauyii, about eight miles W. by N. from Fangshan, is the Tashhitang 

 mine, which is interesting as showing the manner in which the Chinese work on a 

 large scale. The inclination of the seam varies from 50° to 90°, and the thickness 

 from one to thirty feet, the average being estimated at six feet. The coal is called 

 haime, i. e., black coal, and is a hard, lustreless anthracite, in layers with irregular 

 fracture. 



Spec gr. ......... . 1.80 



Parts of lead reduced by one part of coal . . . . 31.50 



Units of heat 7245.00 



Percentage of ash ... ..... 5.50 



^ See Appendix No. 2 for better analyses. 

 " See Appendix No. 2. 



