20 GEOLOGICAL RESBAUCHES IN 



The workings extend to a horizontal distance of about 6,000 feet, the drainage 

 being effected by a fault, and the ventilation by an opening through old workings 

 to day-light. 



The mine is entered by an mclined gallery, descending in the seam, at an angle 

 of about 30°, till near the water level. From the foot of this a horizontal or slightly 

 rising level is driven in the coal to the extreme limit of the intended mine, in this 

 instance over 6,000 feet. 



In extracting the coal only those portions of the seam are worked which are 

 sufficiently thick to admit the miner without cutting into the walls. 



The "winning" is conducted on the following general plan: where the coal 

 is sufficiently thick, rising galleries are driven at an angle of about 30°, from the 

 tops of which a level extends in both directions as far as the seam retains the pro- 

 per thickness. From this level other rising galleries and a second level are driven, 

 and so on till the whole enlarged part of the seam is opened, forming pillars twenty- 

 five or thirty feet high, with a length that seems to be very variable. The timbering 

 is now removed from the upper gallery, and the coal broken down from the roof, 

 the miner working from a scaffolding. In this manner working from the farthest 

 and uppermost pillars toward the main level the coal is aU taken out, unless the 

 extent of the enlarged part of the seam is too great, in which case pillars are left 

 standing. The coal is all carried on basket-sleds to the main level, and through 

 this to the surface. A great deal of timbering is used, chiefly the wood of fruit 

 trees, etc., and costing at the mine twenty-nine cents per 100 lbs. 



One miner produces on the average about 700 lbs. daily, his wages being thirty- 

 nine cents. About four-fifths of the coal is a mixture of small pieces and powder. 

 The owner of the mine considered himself able to produce between thirty and 

 forty tons, of coarse and fine, daily. The price at the mine is $3.60 per ton (2000 

 lbs.) for the lump coal, and $2.00 for the fine, which is bought to make cakes simi- 

 lar to our patent fuel. The better varieties of the Fangshan cgals are taken to a 

 depot at the head of boat navigation on the Liuli Ho,^ about twelve miles from 

 Fangshan, where the selling price is about $5.60 per ton. 



The better varieties of the Chaitang and Muntakau districts are carried on mules 

 and camels to Peking, where the selling price of the former is about two and a half 

 times the price at the mines. 



So far as I could ascertain, all the coal worked in the district of Fangshan and 

 in the eastern portion of the Wangping field is anthracite. The only mstance of 

 an intrusive rock that I observed in the Fangshan district, was west of the city. 



Fig. 6 



Granite, b. Fine-grained micaceous rock. c. Sandstone altered to quartzite. d. Limestone, e. Black clay- 

 shale with four seams /'of anthracite, g. Quartzose conglomerate, h. Creek alluvion. 



* A tributary of the Peilio. 



