SERIES B. ZONE 10. LAT. 40° TO 45° IS". 

 (Nos. 319 to 381.) Italy, etc.— Continued. 



369 



Place of Ob-! Time of the 



1 







w 

 m 

 m 



3 



3 















1 











1 



U 











12 



3 



34 







i 



"i 



U 

 58 



55 



38 



42 



99 



126 



90 



113 



169 



180 



200 



236 



177 



161 



129 



145 



214 



167 



234 



323 



417 



3 







2 



3 



1 



12 



8 



10 



4 



10 



7 



7 



10 



17 



5 







3 



9 



3 



3 



^ r 



» f 



s L 



Spring 



Hummer 



Autumu 



Winter 



Tlie year 



January I 



February > 



March J 



April ) 



May J- 



June 



July 



August \ 



September J 



October 



November 



December 



The year 



January 



February 



March 



April 



May 



June 



July 



August 



September 



October 



November 



December 



The year 



113! 



138^ 

 94^ 

 9I)-L 



1734 



256 

 119 

 494 



' The following remarks by Mr. Dwight accompanied these observations : — 



." In regaril to my record of the winds, I must say that if I had been situated where I had a high vane to guide me, the table 

 would probably have shown some slight veerings to the east or west, which do not now appear. There is, however, no doubt of the 

 fact that the wind here, as a general tiling, blows either from the northeast or southwest. A wind from either of the four cardinal 

 points never continues long in Constantinople. During the lifteeu or sixteen years that I have been here, I have noticed that our 

 prevailing wind in summer is northeast. Indeed, from July to October it is so constantly and regularly from that quarter as to be 

 almost a monsoon; and during that period the niglits are very apt to be calm. Tiie wind begins to blow gently soon after sunrise, 

 and it increases until, say two o'clock, when it not uufrequeutly blows very strong, and then gradually dies away, and soon after 

 sunset it becomes calm again. During the prevalence of this wind in summer, tlie atmosphere is usually clear, or, at least, there 

 are only flying clouds, without rain ; but in winter the north wind always brings clouds and rain. When the south wind blows in 

 summer, it is usually a mere land breeze, and I have often myself observed, in passing np the Bospliorus on a summer's day, when 

 the wind is southwest at the entrance of the Bospliorus, into the Sea of Marmora, it is northeast at the northern end of the same 

 strait, i. e. as it issues from the Black Sea. I have known it to blow all day thus in opposite directions, the two winds meeting at 

 the middle of the strait, where it was perfectly calm. 



"One fact you will probably notice from my table, and that is, that there is far more southerly wind in winter than in summer. 

 And this leads me to say a word in reference to your question, whether I know of any local cause, besides the direction of the straits, 

 that would affect the wind ? About seventy or eighty miles south of us is the high range of Mount Olympus (not Thessalian, but 

 Bythniau), whose summit is at least eight thousand feet above the sea level, and, of course, in winter it is covered with an immense 

 mass of snow. This has been supposed to be the chief cause of our having so mucii southerly wind in winter. I do not. give this 

 as my opinion, however, but I simply state the fact of such a mountain being in sucli a relative position to the capital, and also an 

 inference that has been drawn from that fact. I have always noticed that our coldest weather in winter comes when the southerly 

 wind first begins to blow, wliich I account for on the supposition that such a wind brings first over us the frozen atmosphere of 

 Olympus, and other high ranges of mountains in the interior. But if the wind continues two or three days (and it sometimes does 

 two or three weeks uninterruptedly in winter), it is sure to bring mild and almost summer weather. The barometer here invariably 

 sinks with a southerly wind, and tlie rain-point is much higher with a nortlierly than with a southerly wind. I have sometimes 

 noticed an alarming fall in the barometer, but I soon learned not to anticipate any unusual storm from that, if the wind was just 

 coming from the south or southwest. Our heaviest blows and our most copious rains ordinarily come just as the wind is changing 

 from a southerly to a northerly direction. 



"As you are interesting yourself in the study of the winds, I will just mention one more fact, though an isolated one. (I wish 

 I had more of them.) Three years ago I was in Smyrna, in tlie autumn, when we had one of the most dreadful gales I have ex- 

 perienced on these shores. It came in the night, and blew for four or five hours, I think, with th(- greatest violence, so that much 

 damage was done to the shipping. I took particular notice of the wind, and found that the same gale had been felt, if possible, 

 still more severely in Constantinoi>le, though somewhat later, i. e. two or three liours perhaps ; and an observant sea captain of my 

 acquaintance, who happened to be olf this port at the time, informed me that the wind here was from the southwest, i. e. directly 

 opposite that of Smyrna. I must say, however, that as I took no note of it at the time, I am not positively certain il was later at 

 Constantinople. It may have been so much earlier instead of later, though my strong impression is that my first statement is 

 correct. The main point, however, to which my mind was directed, was the fact that in the same gale the wind blew from opposite 

 quarters at Smyrna and at Constantinople. The distance between the two cities, by sea, is estimated at about 350 miles, though by 

 an air line it must be considerably less." 



47 March, 1875. 



